1-100 super exams Flashcards
Mang Jose lost his vision because of bilateral retinal detachment. Fortunately, his building’s elevator has Braille on the elevator keys so he has no problem getting around. Mang Jose has:
A. Impairment
B. Disability
C. Handicap
D. A and B
E. All of the above
D. A and B
Loss of psychological, physiologic or anatomic function
Impairment
Lack of ability to perform certain activities which is considered normally possible for a human being
Disability
Inability to perform a role in the context of society
Handicap
Patient undergoes a screening test and a tumor was discovered. The screening advanced the time of diagnosis but no true prolongation of life occurs because there are no effective treatments available. What form of bias is this?
A. Length bias
B. Lead time bias
C. Information bias
D. Recall bias
E. Selection bias
B. Lead time bias
Window period between the time the cancer can be detected and the time it will become clinically apparent is short. Screening tests are more effective in slowly growing tumors.
Length bias
Screening advances time of diagnosis but no true prolongation of life occurs because survival for persons who are screened and those who are not is the same
Lead time bias
Systemic difference in the way data are collected from exposure or the outcome
Information bias
One form of information bias and refers to what one may remember from exposure
Recall bias
Inclusion of a subject in a study group is linked to the exposure of interest
Selection bias
The country of birth is an example of what measurement scale?
A. Dichotomous
B. Nominal
C. Ordinal
D. Interval
E. Ratio
B. Nominal
Only 2 possible values (male/female, dead/alive, cured/not cured)
Dichotomous
More than 2 possible values but no intrinsic ordering
Nominal variable
Intrinsically ordered but not in a quantitative way (good-better-best, always-sometimes-never)
Ordinal variable
Real numerical units but without a clear zero point (temperature, year of birth)
Interval
Measurements in relation to a clear zero point (age, metric system)
Ratio
Screening for hypertension is an example of which level of prevention?
A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary
D. Primary and Secondary
E. Primary and Tertiary
D. Primary and Secondary
Before disease occurs
Primary
Before symptoms occur but already with disease
Secondary
Symptoms and disease already occured
Tertiary
A researcher is conducting a study on the effects of exposure to arsenic and the development of skin cancer. He takes a group of patients with disease and compares them with case matched patients without the disease. The frequency of arsenic exposure is compared between the 2. Which of the following type of study is this?
A. Ecologic study
B. Cross sectional study
C. Case control study
D. Prospective Cohort
E. Retrospective Cohort
C. Case control study
Subjects are initially divided according to presence or absence of disease. Outcome is analyzed first, then from there exposure is determined.
Case control
Subjects are initially divided according to presence or absence of exposure. Exposure is analyzed first, then from there outcome is determined.
Cohort
If the outcome has not yet occurred, it’s a _______________ (but exposure definitely has occurred already cause remember that’s how you are gonna group the patients).
prospective cohort
If the outcome and exposure both have already occurred, then it’s a _________________.
retrospective cohort.
This is an example of a sampling design wherein every kth element of the population is chosen.
A. Simple random sampling
B. Systematic sampling
C. Cluster sampling
D. Multistage sampling
E. Stratified sampling
B. Systematic sampling
Each individual has an equal chance of being selected
Simple random sampling
Population is first divided into sampling units called clusters and each element found in the chosen clusters is included in the study
Cluster sampling
Individuals are divided into subgroups on the basis of specified characteristics and then random samples are selected from each subgroup
Stratified sampling
Which of the following is the appropriate statistical test to analyze data comparing the prevalence of malnutrition between exclusively breastfed and nonbreastfed infants?
A. Chi square test
B. Student T test
C. Z test
D. Paired T test
E. ANOVA
A. Chi square test
Quali - quali
Chi- square test
<30 population
T-test
> 30 population
Z-test
3 or more groups are being compared
ANOVA
for comparing paired nonindependent measurements
Paired test
The incidence rate of cirrhosis is 80/100,000 person years for heavy alcoholic beverage drinkers and 10/100,000 for non alcoholic beverage drinkers. What is the relative risk of developing cirrhosis for heavy alcoholic beverage drinkers and nonalcoholic beverage drinkers?
A. 1/8
B. 0.8
C.8
D. 80
E. 800
C.8
_____________ is the incidence among the exposed divided by incidence among the unexposed.
Relative risk
A researcher wishes to test his new rapid test kit to diagnose malaria. He performs this test on 100 patients known to have malaria, 91 of which test positive. He then performs this test on 100 patients known not to have malaria, 12 of whom tests positive. What is the ability of the test to label negative those who do not have the disease?
A. 12%
B. 88%
C. 90%
D. 91%
E. 98%
B. 88%
Ability of a test to label positive those who really have the disease
Sensitivity
Ability of the test to label negative those who do not have the disease
Specificity
Probability of having the condition given a positive result
Positive predictive value
Probability of having the condition given a negative result
Negative predictive value
An epidemiologist wishes to determine how fast people are added to the population through births. Which formula should be used?
A. Number of live births in a year/population during July 1
B. Number of live births in a year/population during August 1
C. Number of live births during July 1/population during July 1
D. Number of live births during August 1/population during August 1
E. Number of live births in a year/population during the end of the year
A. Number of live births in a year/population during July 1
Number of registered live births in a year/midyear population
Crude birth rate
Which of the following is a sensitive indicator of the standard of health care by analyzing the number of deaths over 50 years old?
A. Child mortality rate
B. Age specific proportionate mortality
C. Maternal mortality rate
D. Dependency ratio
E. Swaroop’s index
E. Swaroop’s index
- Swaroop’s index = number of deaths among >50yrs old/total deaths in a year. Higher value = better. Swaroop’s index tends to be higher in developed countries than developing ones.
This phase of communicable illness occurs in the environment. It is the preliminary interaction of potential agent, host and environmental factors in disease production.
A. Incubation period
B. Generation period
C. Prepathogenic phase
D. Pathogenic phase
E. Resolution phase
C. Prepathogenic phase
Infection to signs and symptoms
Incubation period
Infection to maximal communicability of that host
Generation time
Course of disorder in man
Pathogenic phase
The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based on the immunity of a high proportion of individual members of the group, believed to be an important factor underlying the dynamics of propagated epidemic and periodicity of a disease is:
A. Environment
B. Antigenicity
C. Herd immunity
D. Virulence
E. Pathogenicity
C. Herd immunity
Which of the following family assessment tools is used to assess the capacity of the family to participate in provision of health care or to cope with crisis?
A. Triangulation
B. APGAR
C. SCREEM
D. Functional chart
E. Family Genogram
C. SCREEM
This stage of the family life cycle wherein there is increasing flexibility to boundaries to include children and INDEPENDENCE. There is refocus on midlife, MARITAL AND CAREER ISSUES as well as beginning shift towards concern for older generations.
A. Unattached young adult
B. Newly married couple
C. Family with adolescents
D. Launching family
E. Family in later life
C. Family with adolescents
Which of the following is not a feature of Primary Health Care?
A. Goal is development of preventive health care
B. Focus of care is the well and early sick
C. Decision making is from top to down
D. Acceptance of indigenous practitioners
E. Self reliance of the community
C. Decision making is from top to down
Which of the following Philippine Herbal Medicinal Plants is recommended for Diabetes?
A. Lagundi
B. Niyognyogan
C. Sambong
D. Ampalaya
E. Bawang
D. Ampalaya
> Lagundi – Cough, asthma
Niyognyogan - ascariasis
Sambong - urolithiasis
Ampalaya – Antidiabetes
Bawang – lowers cholesterol, athletes foot
A 4 year old female patient comes to you because the pet dog licked her hand. PE revealed no break in the skin. What is the appropriate management?
A. Wash exposed skin with soap and water
B. Vaccine
C. RIG
D.A+B
E. All of the above
A. Wash exposed skin with soap and water
- Cat 1 – intact skin – no vaccine or RIG needed
- Cat 2 – break in skin but no bleeding – vaccine
- Cat 3 – bleeding or wound located in head and neck – vaccine
Which of the following is an example of specific protection?
A. Immunization against poliomyelitis
B. Ear protecting devices in loud working environments
C. Hold an education program on nutrition for children for mothers in a community with children aged 1-5 y/o
D. A and B
E. All of the above
D. A and B
- Specific prevention is a form of primary prevention targeted at a specific disease or type of injury. Examples include immunization against specific disease, use of seatbelts to prevent injuries in automobile accidents, treatment of hypertension to prevent end organ damage.
Which of the following is the millennium development goal aimed at combating HIV/AIDs, malaria, and other diseases?
A. MDG4
B. MDG5
C. MDG6
D. MDG7
E. MDG8
C. MDG6
To kill extreme poverty and hunger
MDG1
To achieve universal primary education
MDG2
To promote gender equality
MDG3
To reduce child mortality
MDG4
To improve maternal health
MDG5
To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
MDG6
To ensure environmental sustainability
MDG7
To develop a global partnership for development
MDG8
You are reading a study that compares cholesterol levels in children whose fathers died from a myocardial infarction with cholesterol levels in children whose fathers died from other causes. The p value obtained in the test was <0.001. What does this value indicate?
a. There was no difference in cholesterol levels between the two groups
b. The difference in the cholesterol levels was less than 0.1%
c. There is a less than 0.1% probability that the results obtained in this study were incorrect
d. There is a less than 0.1% probability that the results obtained in this study occurred because of a sampling error
e. If the null hypothesis is true, there is a less than 0.1% probability of obtaining a test statistic equal to or more extreme than the one obtained
c. There is a less than 0.1% probability that the results obtained in this study were incorrect
- The p value for any hypothesis test is the level at which we would be indifferent between accepting orrejecting the null hypothesis given the sample data at hand. It can also be thought of as the probability of obtaining a test statistic as extreme or more extreme than the actual test statistic obtained, given that the null hypothesis is true. It does not reflect the absolute difference in the data between groups, and does not reflect the correctness of the data in the sample.
Stage in the Family life cycle which begins with the birth of the couples first child?
A. The Unattached Young Adult
B. Newly Married Couple
C. Family with Young Children
D. Launching Family
E. Family in Later Life
C. Family with Young Children
You are caring for a 24-year-old generally healthy woman. She is sexually active and currently in a monogamous relationship, using oral contraceptives. You recently completed her annual examination. Her Pap smear reports “atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance.” Human papillomavirus testing was positive. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?
A. Repeat the Pap smear immediately
B. Repeat the Pap smear in 4–6 months
C. Repeat the Pap smear in 1 year
D. Perform colposcopy
E. Treat the patient with imiquimod and repeat the Pap smear after the treatment is complete.
D. Perform colposcopy
- When the results of a Pap smear are reported as ASCUS, and HPV testing on the sample is positive, the physician should proceed to colposcopy. Colposcopy involves cervical examination under stereoscopic magnification and includes biopsy of abnormal appearing areas, and is the definitive test for assessing Pap smear abnormalities. Imiquimod is an immune modulator and can treat warts, but is not indicated in this case.
You and your friends have just measured the heights of your dogs. You came up with the following measurements: 600mm, 470mm, 170mm, 430mm and 300mm. What is the standard error?
A. 164
B. 27,130
C. 394
D. 73.66
E. 32.8
D. 73.66
- FORMULA FOR STANDARD ERROR: Standard deviation/square root of sample size.
*LONG METHOD OF CALCULATING STANDARD ERROR
Step 1: Calculate the mean (Total of all samples divided by the number of samples).
Step 2: Calculate each measurement’s deviation from the mean (Mean minus the individual measurement).
Step 3: Square each deviation from mean. Squared negatives become positive.
Step 4: Sum the squared deviations (Add up the numbers from step 3).
Step 5: Divide that sum from step 4 by one less than the sample size (n-1, that is, the number of measurements minus one)
Step 6: Take the square root of the number in step 5. That gives you the “standard deviation (S.D.).”
Step 7: Divide the standard deviation by the square root of the sample size (n). That gives you the “standard error”.
An infant born to a Hepatitis B infected mother should get HBIG (hepatitis B immune globulin) and vaccine within how many hours after birth?
A. 12
B. 24
C. 36
D. 48
E. 72
A. 12
The Family APGAR assesses the following aspects except?
A. Adaptation
B. Partnership
C. Growth
D. Affection
E. Resilience
E. Resilience
You are determining whether or not to use a rapid streptococcal antigen test to screen for streptococcal pharyngitis. You find that that 2% of people with strep throat actually test negative using this test. Of the following, which statement best describes this situation?
A. The sensitivity of the test is 2%
B. The specificity of the test is 98%
C. The test has a 2% false negative rate
D. The test has a 2% false positive rate
E. The test has a positive predictive value of 98%
C. The test has a 2% false negative rate
A false negative is defined as a person who tests negative, but who is actually positive. In the above example, 2% of the positive people test negative. Therefore, the false negative rate is 2% in this case. Sensitivity is defined as the probability that the test would be positive, given that the person has strep throat. The specificity is the probability that the test would be negative if the person does not have strep. The false positive rate is defined as the percent of people who test positive, but are actually negative. The positive predictive value is the probability that a person has an illness, given that the test is positive.
You are caring for an 18-year-old man with asthma. He smokes, and reports needing to use his short-acting bronchodilator daily. He gets flares of asthma at least twice a week, and while some days are relatively symptom free, some exacerbations may last several days. He wakes up at least once a week with symptoms. Which of the following classifications best characterizes his asthma?
A. Mild intermittent
B. Moderate intermittent
C. Mild persistent
D. Moderate persistent
E. Severe persistent
D. Moderate persistent
*The patient described in this question fits the “moderate persistent” classification, characterized by daily symptoms and use of short-acting inhaler, with exacerbations that affect activity and may last for days. Nighttime symptoms occur at least weekly.
The following is true of the tip of the iceberg phenomenon of disease except:
A. The submerged portion of the iceberg represents carriers and undiagnosed cases.
B. The floating tip represents what the physician sees in his practice/chamber/hospital.
C. The floating tip includes deaths, clinical cases, symptomatic patients and subclinical cases.
D. The unseen part of an iceberg is much larger than the part that is visible above the water.
E. The pattern of disease encountered in a hospital is quite different from that in a community.
C. The floating tip includes deaths, clinical cases, symptomatic patients and subclinical cases.