Cha. 3: A Brief Intro to Science of Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between prime effects and side effects?

A

Prime Effects have to do with the effect that you want from taking the chemical while side effects are unwanted effects from chemical

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2
Q

List the ways chemicals are administered.

A

Enteral
Parenteral
Intranasal
Inhalation

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3
Q

Describe enteral forms of administration.

A

Entered through gastrointestinal tract (mouth, sublingual, and rectal)
* Capsule, tablet, liquid, sublingual (dissolves under tongue), inhaling, suppository

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4
Q

Describe parenteral forms of administration.

A

Injection of a compound

  • Subcutaneous: just under skin. Slowest
  • Intramuscular Injection: into muscle tissue. Absorbed more rapidly than subcutaneous
  • Intravenous (IV): into vein. Fastest way to get substance from site of admin to site of use
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5
Q

Describe inhalation forms of administration.

A

Breathing the substance in heavily

* Whippit, computer cleaner, glue, marker, spray paint, any aerosol cans

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6
Q

Describe intranasal forms of administration.

A

Snorting, similar to inhalation, but through nose

* Cocaine

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7
Q

Define bioavailability.

A

Getting a chemical from the site of administration to the site of action

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8
Q

The _____ is the most common site of action; why?

A

The brain because it is mostly composed of lipids (fats) and things get stored there easily. Also, many chemicals are lipid soluble chemicals.

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9
Q

What is another organ that is composed of lipids primarily?

A

The bowels

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10
Q

_____-soluble chemicals get flushed out eventually, leaving no real residue.

A

Water

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11
Q

What are the primary organs in the body that primarily metabolize/bio-transform chemicals we put into our body?

A

The liver primarily then the kidneys.

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12
Q

The liver transforms the chemical into a _____ after bio-transformation.

A

Metabolite

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13
Q

List the ways chemicals leave the body.

A

Breathing
Sweating
Urinating

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14
Q

A drug’s half life is composed of:

A

The elimination half-life and the therapeutic half-life.

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15
Q

Define elimination half-life.

A

The amount of time it takes for your body to biotransform 1/2 of the active chemical in your system

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16
Q

How many half-lives does it take to completely eliminate a chemical from the system?

A

Approximately 5 half-lives

17
Q

Define therapeutic half-life.

A

The measure of the chemical’s duration of effect

18
Q

Define effective dose.

A

How much of a dose it takes of a chemical to be effective on a certain population

19
Q

Define lethal dose.

A

How much of a specific chemical would kill a person.

20
Q

Define therapeutic index.

A

The ratio of lethal does to effective dose

  • Valium’s effective dose is a long way from the lethal dose, which makes it almost impossible to kill a person from overdose
  • Valium can be mixed with other chemicals to kill a person, though
21
Q

Define tolerance.

A

The need more and more of a given chemical to achieve a certain effect

  • Alcohol: slowly
  • Valium: quickly
  • Even though a person’s tolerance to alcohol can build up, the lethal level of blood alcohol doesn’t change (true for most chemicals)
  • Usually, the body will pass out prior, but tolerance allows person to stay awake and continue using, which leads to OD
22
Q

Define cross-tolerance.

A

If using a chemical, the person will develop tolerance to chemicals in the same broad grouping

  • Anxiolytics: taking a lot of these will develop tolerance to alcohol
  • Amphetamines to cocaine
  • Cocaine to caffeine
23
Q

Define reverse-tolerance.

A

Much less understood; implies tolerance to a chemical can lead to sudden intolerance of the same chemical

  • Tolerance to alcohol for years, all of a sudden unable to drink at all
  • Not very common
24
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

Complex system that protects the person from things that shouldn’t be there
* Many (if not most) chemicals can cross this

25
Q

What is the placental barrier?

A

Protects the fetus from substances that might go into the fetus
* Many (if not most) chemicals can cross this