ch.9 intelligence Flashcards
What is intelligence?
West- ability to think rationally and devise arguments
East- ability to relate and understand one another
What is the wests definition of intelligence?
The ability to think rationally and devise arguments
What is the Easts definition of intelligence?
The ability to relate and understand one another
Are there different kinds of intelligence?
- g (global) or g-factors
- Crystallized Intelligence
- Fluid Intelligence
- Theory of Multiple Intelligences
- Practical Intelligence
- Emotional Intelligence
g(global) or g-factors, global intellectual ability
An early view that performing poorly in mathematical test also tended to do poorly on verbal fluency, spatial visualization skills
What are two different kinds of intelligence that are in contrast to one another?
1-Fluid Intelligence
2-Crystallized Intelligence
What is Fluid Intelligence?
Its the ability to reason in abstract terms
What does Fluid Intelligence focus on?
It focuses on information processing capabilities and reasoning
What is Crystallized Intelligence?
Its the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learnt through experience and education
What does Crystallized Intelligence focus on?
It focuses on retrieving information from our long-term memories
More fluid-like
Solving analogies like grouping a series of letters according to some principles
Example for more fluid-like
RGANOE- ORANGE
Does more fluid-like decline with age?
Yes it declines with age
More crystallized-like
Any task that requires us to rely on our past experience, knowledge, and cultural back ground
Does more crystallized-like decline with age?
Not necessarily
What is The Theory of Multiple Intelligences?
Where intelligence is a multi-dimensional concept that has at least eight distinct categories
The Theory of Multiple Intelligences has how many distinct categories?
It has 8 distinct categories every person has the same 8 kinds of intelligence in different degrees
What is Existential Intelligence?
Its identifying the fundamental questions of human existence
Examples for Existential Intelligence
- Verbal linguistic
- Logical/mathematical
- Naturalist
- Bodily/ kinesthetic
- Musical/ Rhythmic
- Inter-personal/ social
- Inter-personal/ introspective
- Visual/ spatial
What is Practical Intelligence?
Intelligence related to overall success in living
What do traditional measures of intelligence focus on?
They focus on academic, scholastic success
What does high practical intelligence focus on?
Its being better able to learn general norms and principles and better application of these in everyday challenges especially in our careers
What is Emotional Intelligence?
Set of skills that highlight the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions
What is the basis of Emotional Intelligence?
- Empathy for others
- Self-awareness
- Social skills
- Appropriately responding to the needs of others
Through emotional intelligence what can we understand?
We can get an understanding on what other people might be thinking and feeling
How can emotional intelligence help us?
Can help us be successful in our professions
What are areas in the brain that relate to intelligence?
The right lateral prefrontal cortex
The thicker the right lateral prefrontal cortex the higher the what?
The higher the intelligence scores
What does the right lateral prefrontal cortex help with?
1-Coordinating many pieces of information simultaneously
2-Solving new problems
What is Assessing Intelligence?
They are intelligence tests
What do intelligence tests do when assessing intelligence?
They are structured to quantify, or measure a persons level of intelligence
What are the benefits for assessing intelligence?
- Identifying people with special needs
- Diagnosing students with specific learning disabilities
- Helping people make the best educational and vocational choices for themselves
What are the drawbacks for assessing intelligence?
Stigmatizing people which may lead to perceived social pressure and stress
Who came up with the idea of testing for intelligence in the first place?
Sir Francis Galton
What did Sir Francis Galton suggest?
He suggested that the size and shape of a persons head can be used as an objective measure of intelligence (people with high social class were more intelligent)
Who was the first to suggest that “intelligence can be quantified, measured”
Sir Francis Galton
What is the idea for The Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?
That if the performance on certain tasks improved with the chronological, or physical age, then the performance levels could be used to differentiate between more and less intelligent people within a certain age group
Mental age
Is the age for which a given level of performance is average or typical (MA)
Chronological age
physical age (CA)
Intelligence quotient
A score that take into account an individuals mental and chronological ages (IQ)
How to calculate IQ score
IQ score= MA/ CA x 100
Contemporary IQ tests
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale
- Wechster Adult Intelligence Scale- IV(WAIS-IV
- Wechster Intelligence Scale for Children- V(WISC-V)
What does the Stanford-Binet Intelligence test scale consist of?
- It consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested
- Provides sub-scores as well which is an indication of stronger and weaker areas
What is the WISC-V test?
Its a variety of higher cognitive task performance measures like verbal comprehension, working memory, and processing speed
Intelligence tests have to satisfy a significant degree of?
Reliability and Validity
What is reliability?
Test measures consistently what it aims to measure
What is validity?
Test measures that can actually measure what it is supposed to measure
Norms
Standards of test performance that allow comparing an individuals score in that test with the scores of other individuals who took the test before
Standardized tests
Tests for which norms have been identified
Standardization
The process of obtaining a norm
Norm
A sample of scores that represent the population of test-takers
Why is the norming process tricky?
They need to represent individuals whom the test is aimed to be applied on new test-takers should be representative of and equivalent in many ways to old test takers
Test takers should be representative and equivalent in what way?
Cultural background and gender etc
How to make a good intelligence test?
- Reliable
- Valid
- Standardized
- Objectivity
- Practicality
How does objectivity make a good intelligence test?
Where test results are not affected by personal feelings and attitudes(biases) or examiners
How does practicality make a good intelligence test?
Where the test can be administered easily, and can be scored in a reasonable amount of time
Adaptive testing
Test taking where every test-taker does not receive the same sets of questions
What are the strengths of adaptive testing?
- The program can calculate your current level of performance fairly
- Increase difficulty of questions when you answer correctly
- Decrease difficulty of questions when you answer incorrectly
What are the weaknesses of adaptive testing?
- Increasing performance anxiety may lead to limiting actual performance
- Digital divide (not everyone has had an equal chance to access computers before
How are the extremes of intelligence characterized?
-Intellectual disabilities
Intellectual disabilities(Mental retardation) involves what?
Involves significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior covering everyday practical and social skills
What is the mild degree of intellectual deficit?
Mild- IQ between 55 and 69
What is the moderate degree of intellectual deficit?
Moderate- IQ between 40 and 54
What is the severe degree of intellectual deficit?
Severe- IQ between 25 and 39
What is the profound degree of intellectual deficit?
Profound- IQ below 25
Why do intellectual disabilities appear?
Biological or environmental causes
What are the identifiable causes with intellectual disabilities?
-Fetal alcohol syndrome
-Down (downs) syndrome
-Environmental factors
1/3 identifiable causes
What are the unidentifiable causes with intellectual disabilities?
2/3 unidentifiable causes also called familial intellectual disability
Why does Fetal Alcohol Syndrome occur?
It occurs when the mother uses alcohol during pregnancy
How does Down (downs) syndrome occur?
It occurs when a person is born with 47 chromosomes (22 pairs and a trisomy on number chromosome 21) instead of 46 (23 pairs of chromosomes)
What are the environmental factors for intellectual disabilities?
- Birth complications (temporary lack of oxygen)
- Head injury
- Stroke (disruptions of blood supply to the brain with resulting tissue damage)
- Infections (meningitis, viral infections causing nervous tissue damage)
What is the Familial Intellectual Disability?
Is an intellectual disability in which no apparent biological defect exists but there is a history of intellectual disability in the family
What is mainstreaming?
Its the practice of integrating students with intellectual disabilities into regular classrooms during specific periods
How does mainstreaming help?
Increases social acceptance, intellectual abilities, and helping people with intellectual disabilities be integrated into society
What is full inclusion?
Its the integration of all students, into regular classes, no matter how severe the disability might be
How are the extremes of intelligence characterized?
- Intellectually gifted they dont have to be geeks and awkward as they are portrayed they are often outgoing well adjusted
- On adulthood they report greater satisfaction in life
- A high IQ does not mean success in every academic discipline
Does the background and experiences of test takers have a potential to affect results?
Yes it affects results
How can intelligence tests be tested fairly?
They should measure knowledge unrelated to culture, family background, and early experience
Culture-Fair IQ test
An IQ test that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group
What does the culture-fair IQ test require?
It requires devising test items that assess experiences common to all cultures, and that emphasize questions that do not require language use
Intelligence shows high?
Heritability
What is heritability?
Its the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic inherited factors
What happens when racial gaps exist in cultures?
The economically disadvantaged groups have lower scores
When do greater differences in IQ scores occur?
They occur when comparing individuals and not when comparing mean IQ scores of different groups
Whats the flynn effect?
It suggests that the average person today gets more items correct that the average person did several generations ago on IQ tests
What are possible explanations for the flynn effect?
- Challenges people face in their day-to-day lives have changed
- Better nutrition and better parenting
- Improvements in the social environment including education
