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Psychology > ch.11 sexuality and gender > Flashcards

ch.11 sexuality and gender Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sex?

A

Its a biological label for sexual anatomy

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2
Q

What kind of characteristic is sex?

A

Its a physiological characteristic (being male or female)

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3
Q

What is gender?

A

Its a psychological label for sexual anatomy

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4
Q

What are gender roles?

A

They are a set of expectations defined by a particular society, that indicate what is appropriate for men and women

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5
Q

Gender roles may lead to what?

A

May lead to stereotyping

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6
Q

What is stereotyping?

A

They are judgements about individual members of a group on the basis of their membership to that group

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7
Q

Stereotypes about gender roles can result in

A

Sexism

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8
Q

What is sexism?

A

Negative attitudes and behavior towards a person that are based on that persons gender

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9
Q

Why do such stereotypes matter?

A
  • They help in keeping inequalities alive

- Professional consequences

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10
Q

What are professional consequences when it comes to stereotypes?

A
  • Female vs male jobs pay and status difference

- Limited job advancement (glass ceiling effect)

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11
Q

What is the glass ceiling effect?

A

Its the existence of an invisible barrier that prevents women from being promoted beyond a certain level being less advantageous when compared to men

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12
Q

How do stereotypes put pressure on people?

A

People may perform in accordance with the stereotypes and not in accordance with their abilities

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13
Q

What does Ambivalent Sexism include?

A

It includes both biases for and against women

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14
Q

What does Ambivalent Sexism support?

A

It supports traditional gender roles

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15
Q

What is Benevolent Sexism

A

Positive attitudes of protection, idealization, and affection towards women in traditional roles where subtly undermines and limits women

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16
Q

What is Hostile Sexism?

A

Negative attitudes of domination, degradation, and hostility obviously undermines and limits women

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17
Q

What is Sexual Harassment?

A

Unwanted sexual attention, the creation of a hostile or abusive environment, or explicit coercion to engage in unwanted sexual activity

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18
Q

How is harassment related to mens desires?

A

Harassment is related to mens desire to demonstrate power over women

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19
Q

How does harassment appear in benevolent forms?

A

-Positive discrimination
(women are like flowers they need to be taken care of)
(you look very beautiful today)
(she is a woman you should speak more respectful towards her)

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20
Q

Whats the strongest difference between males and females?

A

Personality

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21
Q

How is personality a difference between males and females?

A
  • Aggressive behavior (strong difference)
  • Self-esteem (mild difference)
  • Evaluation of self
  • Speech content
  • Nonverbal behavior
  • Reading facial expressions
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22
Q

How is aggressive behavior a difference between males and females?

A
  • Male: display aggression more

- Female: feel more guilt and anxiety about their display of aggression

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23
Q

How is self-esteem a difference between males and females?

A
  • Male: largely stems from their assessment of unique characteristics and abilities
  • Female: largely stems from their perception of interdependence and connection with others
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24
Q

How is evaluation of self a difference between males and females?

A

-Women: evaluate themselves more harshly

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25
Q

How is speech content a difference between males and females?

A
  • Female: speaking in a less assertive manner
  • speech patterns lead others to view them as uncertain
  • raise the pitch of their voice at the end of the sentences
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26
Q

How is nonverbal behavior a difference between males and females?

A
  • Females: look at their communication partners significantly more while listening not as much while speaking
  • Male: look at their communication partners for around the same duration while listening and speaking
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27
Q

How is reading facial expressions a difference between males and females?

A

women>men

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28
Q

There’s no significant difference between males and females in which area?

A

Cognitive abilities

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29
Q

Biological and evolutionary difference between males and females?

A

Biological
-Pregnant women accidentally taking androgens
-During the period of higher estrogen (oestrogen)
Evolutionary
-Infidelity
-Division of labor

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30
Q

What happens when women accidentally take androgens?

A

Girl babies more likely to play with male stereotypical toys

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31
Q

What happens during the period of higher estrogen?

A

Better verbal skill and muscular coordination in women

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32
Q

What is infidelity when it comes to the evolutional approach of the difference between males and females?

A

Infidelity: sexual vs emotional different focus in men/women

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33
Q

What is the division of labor when it comes to the evolutional approach of the difference between males and females?

A

Division of labor: men had more advantage in being more aggressive, competitive, and risk taking

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34
Q

What is the biosocial explanation for gender differences?

A
  • Men tasks: rely more on strength and speed

- Women tasks: rely more on caring for children, healthy pregnancy, pro-social supportive behavior

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35
Q

What are the social factors when it comes to gender differences?

A
  • Socialization

- Gender schema

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36
Q

What is socialization?

A

The process by which individuals learn the rules and norms of appropriate behavior in a given society/culture, learning different sets of rules for boys and girls

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37
Q

What is the social learning theory?

A

Its rewarding “appropriate” behavior for each gender which results in social learning

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38
Q

Socialization produces

A

Gender schema

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39
Q

What is gender schema?

A

Its a mental framework that organizes and guides a childs of information relevant to gender

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40
Q

What are the results of gender schema?

A
  • Limits the range of experiences the children are exposed to
  • Consolidates gender differences
  • Strengthens stereotypes
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41
Q

Sexual behavior is affected by?

A

Hormones

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42
Q

What are genitals?

A

Male and female sex organs

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43
Q

Sex hormones gives rise to what?

A

Gives rise to secondary sex characteristics (growth of body hair, change in voice, change in breast size, redistribution of muscle and fat tissue)

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44
Q

How are sex hormones secreted in males and females?

A
  • Males: androgens

- Females: oestrogens

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45
Q

What is ovulation in females?

A

A result of cyclical patterns the point at which an egg is released from the ovaries

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46
Q

What are physiological factors that prime humans for sex?

A
  • Objects
  • Sight
  • Smell
  • Sound
47
Q

What does much of our sexual arousal have to do with?

A

It doesnt have to do with our genitals but actually our brains

48
Q

What does our brain have to do with sexual arousal?

A

Through learning from life

49
Q

What are erogenous zones?

A

Areas of the body that are particularly sensitive to touch because of the presence on an unusually rich array of nerve receptors

50
Q

What does sexual arousal depend on?

A
  • Touch in a sexual manner

- Being mentally receptive to sexual activity

51
Q

How can you define an erotic stimulus?

A
  • Affected by learnt experiences

- Affected by culture/societal influence

52
Q

What are the phases of sexual response?

A

-Excitement
-Plateau
-Orgasm
-Resolution
males experience an additional “refractory period”

53
Q

What is the excitement stage?

A

Preparation of genitals for sexual intercourse

54
Q

How is the excitement stage different for both genders?

A
  • Male: blood flow to penis- erection

- Female: blood flow to clitoris- swelling- lubrication of vagina

55
Q

How long does the excitement stage last?

A

Few mins- around 1 hour

56
Q

What is the plateau stage?

A

Preparation for orgasm max level of arousal attained

57
Q

How is the plateau stage different for both genders?

A
  • Male: max blood flow to penis- full erection

- Female: max blood flow to clitoris- full swelling- breasts and vagina expand

58
Q

What is an orgasm?

A

The peak of sexual excitement

59
Q

How is an orgasm different for both genders?

A
  • Male: ejaculation of semen (fluid containing sperm cells and various other elements)
  • Female: not for all individuals, ejaculation of liquid from vagina
60
Q

What is the resolution stage?

A

The interval after orgasm- the body returns to its unaroused state, reversing the changes brought about by arousal

61
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

Its the inability to develop another erection (only in males)

62
Q

What is female circumcision?

A

Partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons

63
Q

Sex-related behavior is influenced by?

A
  • Expectations
  • Attitudes
  • Beliefs
  • Medical-biological knowledge
  • Social-cultural norms
64
Q

A sexual behavior is considered abnormal if

A
  • It creates distress for yourself
  • Boosts anxiety
  • Makes you feel intense guilt
  • Harms other people
65
Q

How can sexual behaviors be abnormal?

A

If they have a negative effect on your personal well-being and if they harm other people

66
Q

What is heterosexuality?

A

Sexual attraction and behavior directed to the other sex

67
Q

What is extramarital sex?

A

Sexual activity between a married person and someone who is not her spouse

68
Q

Who are homosexuals?

A

Individuals who are sexually attracted to members of their own sex

69
Q

Who are bisexuals?

A

Individuals who are sexually attracted to both people of the same sex and the other sex

70
Q

What are the causes of sexual orientation?

A
  • Genetic causes
  • Hormones
  • Differences in brain structures
  • Child rearing, early human experiences, family dynamic
  • Learning theory
71
Q

What are the genetic causes of sexual orientation?

A
  • Twins- if one is homosexual higher chances for the other to be homosexual as well
  • Area on X chromosome- loci for genes- may be linked with homosexuality
72
Q

What are hormone causes of sexual orientation?

A

Exposure to DES a chemical that fights against miscarriage, during pregnancy

73
Q

What are difference in brain structure causes of sexual orientation?

A
  • Anterior hypothalamus- different in structure in heterosexual and homosexual males
  • Anterior commissure- a region that connects the left and right hemispheres- gay males have larger in comparison to heterosexual males
74
Q

What is the learning theory causes of sexual orientation?

A

Sexual orientation is learnt through rewards and punishments

75
Q

What is a transgender?

A

A person whose gender identity, gender expression, or behavior does not conform to the typical ones assigned for their sex

76
Q

What are sexual difficulties and issues?

A
  • Rape
  • Childhood sexual abuse
  • Sexually transmitted diseases
  • Sexual problems
77
Q

What is rape?

A

The act by which one person forces another person to submit sexual activity

78
Q

What is date rape?

A

Rapist is either a date or a romantic acquaintance

79
Q

What are the motivations behind rape?

A
  • Means of demonstrating power
  • Anger
  • Desire
  • Token resistance to sex
80
Q

What is token resistance to sex?

A

Its the belief that when women say no it actually means yes

81
Q

What is the result of rape?

A

Extreme fear/ panic/ disbelief/ physical pain/trauma

82
Q

What are sexually transmitted infections?

A

A group of diseases acquired through sexual contact

83
Q

Examples of sexually transmitted infections

A
  • Chlamydia
  • Genital herpes
  • Trichomoniasis
  • Gonorrhea
  • Syphilis
  • Genital warts
  • AIDS
84
Q

What is chlamydia?

A

The most widespread STI

85
Q

How does chlamydia affect males and females?

A
  • Female: usually no symptoms initially- later on liquid discharge and itching
  • Male: burning sensation during urination- random discharge from penis
86
Q

What happen if chlamydia is untreated?

A

Pelvic inflammation, damage to urethra, even sterility

87
Q

How is it curable?

A

With antibiotics

88
Q

What are genital herpes?

A

A viral condition

89
Q

What happens in the active stages of genital herpes?

A

Sores and small blisters around genitals- severe pain

90
Q

Is genital herpes curable?

A

No curable- causes psychological distress- knowing that you have it without being able to cure it completely

91
Q

What is trichomoniasis?

A

Infection of the vagina or penis by a parasite

92
Q

How does trichomoniasis affect males and females?

A
  • Males: often without symptoms

- Females: mild symptoms of itching, discharge

93
Q

What happens in the later stages of trichomoniasis?

A

Pain during urination, burning sensation, unpleasant odor

94
Q

Is trichomoniasis curable?

A

Yes it is with antibiotics

95
Q

What is gonorrhea?

A

Often has no symptoms can cause burning sensation during urination and discharge of liquid from penis or vagina

96
Q

Is gonorrhea curable?

A

Mostly yes with antibiotics

97
Q

What is syphilis?

A

Can affect internal organs, the brain, and can be fatal

98
Q

How does syphilis appear in stages?

A

Primary stage: involves a sore point at the region of sexual contact
Secondary stage: can involve a rash, itching

99
Q

Is syphilis curable?

A

Yes with antibiotics only if early diagnosis

100
Q

What are genital warts caused by?

A

They are caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) which is very common

101
Q

Are genital warts curable?

A

Yes and can also get vaccinated

102
Q

What are AIDS?

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

103
Q

What is AIDS caused by?

A

Its caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) where it attacks the immune system

104
Q

Is AIDS curable?

A

It is not

105
Q

What are sexual problems?

A
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Premature ejaculation
  • Delayed ejaculation disorder
  • Anorgasmia
  • Inhibited sexual desire
106
Q

What is erectile dysfunction?

A

Males inability to achieve or maintain an erection

107
Q

What causes erectile dysfunction?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Performance anxiety
  • Drugs
108
Q

What is premature ejaculation?

A

Males inability to delay orgasm

109
Q

What is delayed ejaculation disorder?

A

Males inability to ejaculate when he wants given that he will ejaculate after all

110
Q

What is anorgasmia?

A

Females lack of, delay in, or reduction in the intensity of an orgasm

111
Q

Two types of anorgasmia dysfunction

A
  • Primary orgasmic dysfunction

- Secondary orgasmic dysfunction

112
Q

What is primary orgasmic dysfunction when it comes to anorgasmia?

A

Its where the woman has never experienced an orgasm

113
Q

What is a secondary orgasmic dysfunction when it comes to anorgasmia?

A

Where the woman has had an orgasm at some point in her life but can achieve it whether not at all or only in certain conditions

114
Q

What is inhibited sexual desire?

A

A sexual dysfunction in which the motivation for sexual activity is restrained or entirely lacking

Psychology (7 decks)

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