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Psychology > ch.10 motivation and emotion > Flashcards

ch.10 motivation and emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is motivation?

A

It is the combination of factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms

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2
Q

The combination of these factors are?

A
  • Biological
  • Cognitive
  • Social
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3
Q

What are the six major approaches to motivation?

A 
1-Instinct Approaches
2-Drive-Reduction Approaches
3-Arousal Approaches
4-Incentive Approaches
5-Cognitive Approaches
6-Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
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4
Q

What is the main focus of Instinct Approaches(born to be motivated)?

A

Biological

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5
Q

What does instinct mean?

A

Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learnt throughout the course of life experiences

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6
Q

What does the Instinct Approach suggest?

A

It suggests that people and animals are born pre-programmed with sets of behaviors essential to their survival

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7
Q

What do instincts provide?

A

They provide the energy that guide behavior in certain directions

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8
Q

Whats the instinct to reproduce?

A

Sexual behavior

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9
Q

Whats the instinct to examine surrounding territory?

A

Exploratory behavior

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10
Q

What are the strengths for the Instinct Approach?

A

Emphasis on the dimension of evolution which focuses research on genetic inheritance which helps science progress

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11
Q

What are the weaknesses of the Instinct Approach?

A
  • Who can decide for certain how many instincts are there?
  • Labeling a behavior as instinct does not explain why certain behaviors appear in certain situations but not in others
  • We cant simply reduce all our behavior to instincts
  • The levels of motivation can also be different
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12
Q

What is the main focus of the Drive-Reduction approach(satisfying our needs)?

A

Biological

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13
Q

What is a drive?

A

Its a motivational tension(arousal) that aims at fulfilling a need

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14
Q

We have two types of drives

A
  • Primary drive

- Secondary drive

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15
Q

What is a Primary drive?

A

Its a basic drive for hunger, thirst, sleep. The basic biological needs for the body

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16
Q

Behavior satisfies a basic biological need in which drive?

A

In the primary drive

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17
Q

What is a Secondary drive?

A

They are acquired needs like learning

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18
Q

What is the drive reduction approach to motivation?

A

A lack of some basic biological needs(primary drive) produces a drive to push an organism for satisfying that need

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19
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Its the body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state

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20
Q

What are the strengths for the drive reduction approach?

A

Provides a good explanation on how primary biological needs can motivate behavior

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21
Q

What are the weaknesses for the drive reduction approach?

A

Cant fully explain why some behaviors persist

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22
Q

What is the main focus for Arousal Approaches(normalizing stimulation)?

A

Biological + cognitive

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23
Q

What is the arousal approach?

A

Where each person tried to maintain a steady level of stimulation and activity, every action we perform is pursued by our motivation to maintain an ideal balance

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24
Q

What can the arousal theory explain?

A

It doesn’t only explain the reduction in drives but can also explain increases in excitement to reach an optimal desirable level of stimulation

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25
Q

When do u reduce the stimulation?

A

If its too high

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26
Q

When do u increase the stimulation?

A

If too low

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27
Q

What are the strengths for the arousal theory?

A

-Provides a good explanation on why people seek out excitement in addition to merely decreasing arousal

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28
Q

What are the weaknesses for the arousal theory?

A

Cant fully explain why people have different optimal levels of arousal

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29
Q

What is the main focus for Incentive approaches(motivations pulling force)?

A

Cognitive + Social

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30
Q

What is motivation caused by?

A

Its caused by the wish to attain external rewards

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31
Q

What is motivation not caused by?

A

Its not caused by drive reduction or the maintenance of optimal arousal

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32
Q

What is the behavior for the incentive approach?

A

Its the behavior of wanting not necessarily needing

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33
Q

Example for Incentive Approach?

A

Eat dessert even when not hungry

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34
Q

What are the strengths for the Incentive Approach?

A

Provides good explanation on behavior without proper internal drives

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35
Q

What are the weaknesses for the Incentive Approach?

A

It cant completely describe motivation we can strive for success, reward, and money even when it is not certain we will get these incentives

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36
Q

What are Incentive + Drive Reduction approaches?

A

Internal drives- push(force) to behave

External drives- pull(convince) to behave

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37
Q

What is the main focus for Cognitive Approaches(the thoughts behind motivation)?

A

Cognitive

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38
Q

Motivation is a product of what?

A

Its a product of peoples thoughts, expectations, goals, beliefs

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39
Q

Example for Cognitive Approaches?

A

Students are motivated to study because they expect good studying will pay off in the future

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40
Q

What is Intrinsic Motivation?

A

Activity for our own enjoyment and not for any concrete actual reward (doing something for its own sake)

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41
Q

What is Extrinsic Motivation?

A

Activity aimed at attaining a concrete actual reward such as earning money high grades (doing something for a further final gain)

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42
Q

Providing rewards for desirable behavior may increase or decrease intrinsic motivation?

A

It actually decrease intrinsic motivation

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43
Q

What is the main focus for Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs(ordering motivational needs)?

A

Cognitive + Social

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44
Q

What is the goal of behavior?

A

It is satisfying human needs in the order of their importance

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45
Q

What are the needs that guide human behavior?

A
  • Psychological needs
  • Safety needs
  • Love and belongingness
  • Esteem
  • Self-actualization
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46
Q

To achieve advanced needs you need to first what?

A

You need to first achieve basic needs

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47
Q

What is Self-actualization?

A

Its a state of self fulfillment reaching ones full potential

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48
Q

Why is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs an important contribution to psychological science?

A
  • It highlights the complexity of human needs

- It emphasizes that until basic biological needs are met people will be unconcerned about higher order needs

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49
Q

What is an additional approach influenced by Maslow’s theory?

A

The theory of Self-Determination

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50
Q

What is the Theory of Self-Determination?

A

It suggests that humans have 3 basic needs
1-Competence
2-Autonomy
3-Relatedness

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51
Q

What is Competence?

A

Its the need to produce desirable outcomes

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52
Q

What is Autonomy?

A

Its the need to perceive ourselves as having control over our lives

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53
Q

What is Relatedness?

A

Its the need to be involved in close/warm relationships with others

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54
Q

What are humans 3 basic needs?

A

1-Competence
2-Autonomy
3-Relatedness

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55
Q

What is Obesity?

A

Body weight being 20% more than average weight for that specific age group, gender and height

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56
Q

What is Body Mass Index (BMI)?

A

The percentage of body fat

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57
Q

Body Mass Index (BMI) is measured in?

A

Kg/m to the power of 2

58
Q

What motivates people to eat?

A

Biological factors or social factors

59
Q

Biological factors in the regulation of hunger

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Changes in the chemical composition of the blood
  • Metabolism
60
Q

How does Hypothalamus regulate hunger?

A

It regulates blood glucose levels and maintains it

61
Q

How does the Lateral Hypothalamus regulate hunger?

A

It signals to start eating

injury- no interest in food intake

62
Q

How does the Ventromedial Hypothalamus regulate hunger?

A

It signals to stop eating

injury- constant food intake

63
Q

What happens if glucose levels increase?

A

The Ventromedial Hypothalamus gets activated

64
Q

What happens if glucose levels decrease?

A

The Lateral Hypothalamus gets activated

65
Q

When is insulin secreted?

A

Its secreted when glucose levels increase

66
Q

What does insulin aim at?

A

Its aimed at storing excess glucose as glycogen in the body

67
Q

Excess glucose is what in the body?

A

Glycogen

68
Q

When is Ghrelin secreted?

A

Its secreted when stomach is empty

69
Q

What does Ghrelin aim at?

A

Its aimed at increasing eating response

70
Q

How does hypothalamus regulate food intake?

A
  • The idea of a weight set point where a particular level of weight the body strives to maintain.
  • The hypothalamus acts as a body weight thermostat leading to feed more or less to reach desired weight levels.
  • But if there become damage to the hypothalamus from genetic factors it affects the weight set point
71
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body (metabolic rate)

72
Q

What happens when you have a high metabolic rate?

A
  • Can eat large amounts of food
  • Burning fast
  • Not gaining weight
73
Q

What happens when you have a low metabolic rate?

A
  • Burning slow even when consuming small amounts of food

- Under risk to gain weight

74
Q

What are social factors in the regulation of hunger?

A
  • Societal rules
  • Cultural influences
  • Individual habits
  • Classical and operant conditioning
75
Q

What are societal rules when it comes to the regulation of hunger?

A

Manners and meal times

76
Q

What are cultural influences when it comes to the regulation of hunger?

A

Type and amount of food varies from culture to culture

77
Q

What are individual habits when it comes to the regulation of hunger?

A

Lifestyle, diet, exercise

78
Q

What are classical and operant conditioning when it comes to the regulation of hunger?

A

Emotional eating where you associate food with comfort or a reward

79
Q

What are the causes of obesity?

A
  • Oversensitivity (external eating cues)
  • Insensitivity (internal hunger cues)
  • A higher weight set point
  • The number of fat cells
80
Q

What is oversensitivity (external eating cues) when it comes to the causes of obesity?

A

They are factors reminding of food or of food-related pleasure or rewards

81
Q

What is insensitivity (internal hunger cues) when it comes to the causes of obesity?

A

Being unable to take into consideration that satiation response, the lack of hunger, adequately

82
Q

How does a higher weight set point cause obesity?

A

Maybe they are sensitive to external eating cues even when they try dieting their bodies strive to reach a high weight set point

83
Q

Why higher set point when it comes to the causes of obesity?

A

Higher level of the hormone leptin

84
Q

What is the hormone leptin?

A

It protects against weight loss (boost to survival)

85
Q

The number of fat cells

A

Rate of weight gain during the first four months of life is related to being overweight during later childhood

86
Q

What happens to the number of fat cells after infancy?

A

Losing weight does not mean you lose fat cells you lose the volume of the fat cells

87
Q

What is Anorexia nervosa?

A

A severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat, stating that this behavior and their physical appearance are not unusual

88
Q

What is Bulimia nervosa?

A

Either by binging (eating large quantities of food) or purging (getting the food rapidly out of the body

89
Q

How does one with bulimia nervosa purge?

A
  • Vomiting

- Using laxatives

90
Q

What follows after the purging?

A
  • The person feel guilty and tried to get the food out of the body
  • Constant binging and purging cycles which are problematic for heart, digestive system and teeth
91
Q

What is the biological cause for eating disorders?

A
  • Chemical imbalance in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland

- Possible genetic predispositions towards the imbalance

92
Q

What are the psychological causes for eating disorders?

A
  • Overly demanding parents, family problems
  • Brain scans indicate that people with eating disorders process food related information differently than healthy people
93
Q

What are the social causes for eating disorders?

A

Westernized societies value slenderness and put emphasis on obesity being a very undesirable/ even disgusting condition which causes social pressure to conform with societal norms

94
Q

What type of characteristic do you get from the need for achievement?

A

Learnt and stable characteristic

95
Q

What do you obtain from a learnt and stable characteristic?

A

You obtain satisfaction by striving for and achieving challenging goals

96
Q

How does a high need for achievement motivate you?

A

Motivates you by a need to prove yourself successful, competing against an objective standard

97
Q

How does a low need for achievement motivate you?

A

Motivated primarily by a desire to avoid failure

98
Q

How to measure need for achievement?

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

99
Q

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

A

Its a projective test that asks about ideas on ambiguous pictures

100
Q

In the Thematic Apperception Test if the person creates an achievement-struggle-hardwork-competition related story what may it indicate?

A

It may indicate a high need for achievement

101
Q

What is The Need for Affiliation?

A

An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships

102
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories put more emphasis on

A
  • Maintaining friendships

- Sensitivity over rejection by close ones

103
Q

High need for affiliation

A
  • Particularly sensitive to relationships with others

- Not much preference to being alone

104
Q

Gender differences in the need for affiliation

A

Time spent with friends- more in female students

105
Q

The need for power

A

A tendency to seek impact on, control, or influence others the desire to be seen as a powerful individual

106
Q

A high need for power results in

A
  • Seeking organizational responsibilities/ more frequently

- Seeking professions that fulfill power needs

107
Q

Gender differences in the display of the need for power

A
  • Men(showing off)- more aggression/ alcoholism/ sexual indulgement, more frequent involvement in competitive sports
  • Women(showing concern)- concern for others/ displaying supportive behavior
108
Q

What are emotions?

A

Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that generally influence behavior

109
Q

What are the functions of emotions?

A
  • Preparing us for action
  • Shaping our future behavior
  • Helping us interact more effectively with others
110
Q

How do emotions prepare us for action?

A

Emotions are as links between our environment and our responses to the environment like the fight-or-flight response

111
Q

How do emotions shape our future behavior?

A

Promoting learning which help us make appropriate responses in future situations

112
Q

How does emotions help us interact more effectively with others?

A

Verbal and nonverbal behavior- enhance the richness of communication so people understand us better and can predict out future behavior better

113
Q

What do theories explaining emotions take into account?

A
  • Environmental stimuli
  • Physiological changes in the body
  • Brain activity
  • Being aware of the emotional response
114
Q

Theories explaining emotions

A
  • James-Lange theory
  • Cannon-Bard theory
  • Schacter-Singer theory
115
Q

James-Lange theory

A

A reaction to bodily events (physiological processes) occurring as a result of an external situation

116
Q

How does the brain interpret bodily events?

A

The brain interprets bodily events as emotions

117
Q

Example for how the brain interprets bodily events as emotions

A
  • I feel sad, because im crying
  • Punching someone, gets us angry
  • Crying at a loss, makes us feel sorrow
118
Q

What is a visceral experience?

A

The reaction of our internal organs (gut reaction)

119
Q

For every major emotion

A

There is an accompanying physiological reaction unique to that emotion

120
Q

What are the drawbacks of James-Lange Theory?

A
  • Physiological changes need more time to occur
  • Physiological changes themselves are not always enough to cause emotions
  • Our internal organs produce a rather limited range of reactions
121
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

The idea that both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus

122
Q

Where does physiological arousal and emotional experience originate?

A

They originate in the thalamus

123
Q

Where is the initial site to begin an emotional response?

A

Thalamus

124
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A
  • Sends a message to the autonomic nervous system (for visceral changes)
  • Sends a message to cerebral cortex (for conscious experiencing of fear)
125
Q

What are the drawbacks of the Cannon-Bard theory?

A
  • Hypothalamus and the limbic system (not thalamus) play major roles in emotional experience
  • According to the theory visceral changes (physiological responses) and conscious awareness of the emotional responses have to happen at the same time
126
Q

Schacter-Singer theory

A

Proposes that emotions are determined together with a nonspecific physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues

127
Q

When the kind of physiological arousal is unclear where do we turn to?

A

We turn to our environment to discern how we feel

128
Q

James-Lange theory

A

Activation of visceral body changes- Brain interprets visceral changes as emotional experience

129
Q

Cannan-Bard theory

A

Activation of thalamus- Activation of bodily changes in response to brain- Message to cortex regarding emotional experience

130
Q

Schachter- Singer theory

A

Activation of general physiological arousal- Observation of environmental cues- Determination of label to place on arousal, identifying emotional experience

131
Q

Contemporary perspectives on the neuroscience of emotions

A

Different emotions produce activation of different parts of the brain

132
Q

Whats a region in the temporal lobe that plays a role in experiencing emotions?

A

Amygdala

133
Q

What does amygdala provide in the experience of emotion?

A

It provides a link between the perception of an emotion-producing stimulus and the recall of that stimulus later

134
Q

What is the importance(emphasis) of amygdala?

A

Fear-based learning

135
Q

An example for fear-based learning

A

Will remember that dog attack and make you react faster next time you see a similar dog

136
Q

What is the importance for fear-based learning?

A

Fast emotional response

137
Q

How does the experience of emotions go through the brain?

A

Amygdala- visual cortex- hippocampus

138
Q

Why doesn’t the experience of emotions in the amygdala include the frontal lobe?

A

Because it takes time to think rationally and amygdala is involved in fast decision making

139
Q

Whats the facial-affect program?

A

Its the activation of a set of nerve impulses that make the face display an appropriate expression for each basic emotion

140
Q

Is the facial-affect program innate?

A

Yes its innate which means its present at birth, your born with it

141
Q

Whats the facial-feedback hypothesis?

A

That facial expressions not only reflect emotions they also influence how you feel helping you feel the emotion compatible with your face expression

142
Q

An example for facial-feedback hypothesis

A
  • Smile and see how you will feel a few moments after

- Make an afraid expression and notice changes in your heart rate, or mood after several seconds

Psychology (7 decks)

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