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Psychology > ch.13 personality > Flashcards

ch.13 personality Flashcards

1
Q

What does personality psychology seek to understand?

A

It seeks to understand the characteristics of ways people behave

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2
Q

What is personality?

A

It is the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person

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3
Q

What is consistency in a personality?

A

It leads us to act consistently in different situations, and over extended periods of time

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4
Q

What is individuality in a personality?

A

They are behaviors that make each one of us unique, differentiating us from others

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5
Q

What do psychodynamic approaches to personality assume?

A
  • That personality is primarily an unconscious phenomenon

- That personality is shaped by inner forces and conflicts that are mostly beyond our conscious awareness

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6
Q

What is Freuds Psychoanalytic theory?

A

That unconscious forces act as determinants of personality

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7
Q

What are the parts of our personalities that are unconscious according to Freud?

A
  • Memories
  • Knowledge
  • Beliefs
  • Feelings
  • Urges
  • Drives
  • Instincts
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8
Q

What are the contents of the unconscious?

A

A lot more in quantity than the contents of conscious awareness

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9
Q

What can we do to understand personality?

A
  • We need to unlock the unconscious, it is elusive, where it hides itself from the conscious
  • Other indirect methods must be used
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10
Q

What are the indirect methods used to understand personality?

A
  • Dream studies
  • Studying fantasies
  • Observing slips of the tongue (Freudian slips)
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11
Q

What are Freudian slips?

A

They are slips of the tongue

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12
Q

Example for Freudian slips?

A

“I don’t believe we’ve been properly seduced yet” which may reveal unconscious sexual desires

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13
Q

What is some of the unconscious made up of?

A

The preconscious

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14
Q

What is the preconscious?

A

It contains material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind

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15
Q

Example for preconscious?

A
  • Certain memories
  • Academic knowledge (semantic content)
  • Procedural knowledge (skills)
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16
Q

What do we have deeper in the unconscious

A

We have instinctual drives that are hidden

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17
Q

Why do we have instinctual drives that are hidden deep in our unconscious?

A

Because it would cause constant pain and stress due to their threatening content so the unconscious is a safe storage place for such content

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18
Q

Personality involves 3 separate but interacting components that structure our personalities

A

Id, Ego, Superego

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19
Q

What is Id?

A

Instinctual, unorganized part of personality

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20
Q

Since birth what does the Id do?

A

It tries to reduce tension from primitive drives

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21
Q

What are primitive drives?

A
  • Hunger
  • Sex
  • Aggression
  • Irrational impulses
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22
Q

These primitive drives of the Id contain what?

A

They contain limitless psychic energy that constantly puts pressure on personality

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23
Q

Id operates on what?

A

It operates on pleasure principle

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24
Q

Whats the goal of pleasure principle for the Id?

A

To immediate reduction of tension and maximization of satisfaction

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25
Q

What is the ego?

A

Its the component of personality that attempts to balance the desire of the Id and the objective realities of the outside world

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26
Q

Ego operates on what?

A

It operates on the reality principle

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27
Q

Whats the goal of the reality principle for the ego?

A

To restrain instinctual energy which maintains the individuals safety and to help that individual integrate into society

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28
Q

Example for restraining instinctual energy

A

The executive control part of personality

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29
Q

What is the executive control part of personality?

A

-Decision making
-Self-control
-Problem solving, thinking
which works above the limitations of Id

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30
Q

What is the superego?

A

Its the component of personality that harshly judges the morality of our behavior

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31
Q

What does our superego represent?

A

It represents the rights/wrongs of society

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32
Q

Our rights and wrong are modeled from what?

A

Are modeled from parental teaching/education

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33
Q

What does the superego operate on?

A

It operates on the idealistic principle

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34
Q

What does the idealistic principle include?

A
  • The conscience

- Ego ideal

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35
Q

What does the conscience result from in the superego?

A

It results from punishment for improper behavior (making us feel guilty if we do wrong)

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36
Q

What does the ego ideal stem from in the superego?

A

It stems from rewarding socially acceptable behavior

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37
Q

The ego must negotiate between what and what?

A

The ego must negotiate between the Id and the Superego

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38
Q

According to Freud personality develops progressively through 5 distinct psychosexual stages

A 
1-Oral stage
2-Anal stage
3-Phallic stage
4-Latency stage
5-Genital stage
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39
Q

What are these psychosexual stages?

A

They are developmental periods during which children encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges

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40
Q

What occurs when we cant resolve conflicts during these developmental stages?

A

Fixations occur

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41
Q

What are fixations?

A

They are persisting concerns that proceed beyond the developmental period in which they first occur

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42
Q

Example for fixations

A
  • Ignoring needs of the child (ending breast feeding early, being too strict during toilet training)
  • Overindulged children in an earlier period (overly-attentive parenting, intensely rewarding a child during toilet training)
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43
Q

What is the oral stage(12-18 months)?

A

Babys mouth is the focal point of pleasure (sucking, eating, biting anything they can put into their mouths)

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44
Q

What is the main conflict of the oral stage?

A

Weaning (withdrawing mothers breasts- bottle)

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45
Q

Main conflict of weaning in overindulged infants

A

Being fed every time they cry

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46
Q

Main conflict of weaning in frustrated infants

A

Lacking oral gratification

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47
Q

Weaning in overindulged infants and frustrated infants both result in

A

Fixations

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48
Q

Adults having had been fixated at their oral stage may show

A
  • Unusually high interest in oral activities (eating, talking, smoking)
  • Symbolic signs of oral interest (being bitingly sarcastic, being very gullible easily fooled swallowing anything that is said)
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49
Q

What is the anal stage(12-18 months)?

A

Babys anus is the focal point of pleasure

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50
Q

In the anal stage the baby gets pleasure from?

A
  • Retention of faeces

- Expulsion of faeces

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51
Q

In the anal stage toilet training is initiated

A

Training excretion while on a toilet if too strict causes fixation

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52
Q

Adults having had been fixated at their oral stage may show

A
  • Unusual rigidity, orderliness, punctuality

- Unusual disorderliness, sloppiness

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53
Q

What is the phallic stage(3 years- 5-6 years)?

A

Babys focal point of pleasure is the genitals

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54
Q

What is the main conflict of the phallic stage?

A

The Oedipus complex (Oedipal conflict)

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55
Q

What is the Oedipus complex?

A

The childs intense sexual interest in his/her opposite sex parent

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56
Q

The Oedipus complex in boys

A
  • Develops sexual interest in mother
  • Seeing father as a powerful rival in getting mothers attention
  • Secretly wishing to replace father
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57
Q

What is castration anxiety?

A

The fear of father removing the penis of the boy

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58
Q

Castration anxiety can lead to

A

Identification

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59
Q

What is identification?

A

Its the process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible imitating that persons behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values

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60
Q

In identification what does the boy do?

A

The boy represses his desires for mother, identifies with mother, and seeks to obtain a woman like his unattainable mother

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61
Q

In identification what does the girl do?

A
  • Sexual arousal towards father (Electra complex)
  • Experiences penis envy (a lacking body part)
  • They blame mother for their castration (anatomically missing body part)
  • Resolution: identification with mother
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62
Q

What is the electra complex?

A

Sexual arousal towards father in a girl

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63
Q

What is resolution: identification with mother?

A

Behaving like her, adopting her attitudes, values

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64
Q

What does identification do in the phallic stage?

A

It resolves the main conflict of the phallic stage moving into the latency period

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65
Q

If there is a failure to resolve in the phallic stage

A

Improper sexual behavior and lacking conscience

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66
Q

What is the latency period (5-6 years puberty 12-13 years)?

A

Where childs sexual interests become passive, inactive, temporarily put aside even in the unconscious

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67
Q

What is the genital stage (puberty-adulthood)?

A

Its the period from puberty until death

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68
Q

What is the genital stage marked by?

A

Its marked by mature sexual behavior: sexual intercourse

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69
Q

In maturity what would be in control?

A
  • The ego would be in control of the Id and the superego

- Consciousness would play a more important role in behavior

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70
Q

What are the 8 distinct type of defense mechanisms?

A 
1-Repression 
2-Regression 
3-Displacement
4-Rationalization 
5-Denial
6-Projection 
7-Sublimation 
8-Reaction formation
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71
Q

What is anxiety?

A

An intense, negative emotional experience

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72
Q

What can anxiety arise from?

A
  • It can arise from realistic fears in our everyday lives

- It can also arise from irrational impulses from the id

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73
Q

When anxiety becomes threatening to surface up and become incontrollable it becomes

A

Neurotic anxiety

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74
Q

How do people develop certain strategies to deal with neurotic anxiety?

A

Defense mechanisms

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75
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A

They are unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves

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76
Q

What is the primary defense mechanism?

A

Repression

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77
Q

What is repression?

A

It is where the ego pushes unacceptable or unpleasant thoughts and impulses out of consciousness but maintains them in the unconscious

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78
Q

Example for repression?

A
  • Hatred for mother may be repressed because acknowledging them would provoke anxiety
  • A woman is unable to consciously recall that she was raped
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79
Q

Throughout the years repression for mother may be showed through

A
  • Affecting behavior towards women
  • Dreams
  • Slip of tongue
  • other symbolic ways
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80
Q

When repression is not strong enough to keep neurotic anxiety away other mechanisms are used

A

Which are the 8 defense mechanisms

81
Q

What is regression?

A

Where people behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development

82
Q

Example for regression

A

A boss has a temper tantrum when an employee makes a mistake

83
Q

What is displacement?

A

The expression of an unwanted feeling or thought is redirected from a more threatening powerful person to a weaker one

84
Q

Example for displacement

A

A brother yells at his younger sister after a teacher gives him a bad grade

85
Q

What is rationalization?

A

People provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behavior

86
Q

Example for rationalization

A

A student who goes out drinking the night before a big test rationalizes his behavior by saying the test isnt all that important

87
Q

What is denial?

A

Where people refuse to accept or acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of information

88
Q

Example for denial

A

A student refuses to believe that he has flunked a course

89
Q

What is projection?

A

Where people attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else

90
Q

Example for projection

A

A man who is unfaithful to his wife and feels guilty suspects that his wife is unfaithful

91
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Where people divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings or behaviors

92
Q

Example for sublimation

A

Where a person with strong feelings of aggression becomes a soldier

93
Q

Whats is reaction formation?

A

Unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness

94
Q

Example for reaction formation

A

A mother who unconsciously resents her child acts in an overly loving way toward the child

95
Q

What do sublimations involve?

A

They involve the elevation of the sexual instincts aim to a higher level

96
Q

The elevation of sexual instincts aiming to a higher level permits people to do what?

A

Permits them to make contributions to society and culture

97
Q

According to Freud all of us employ self defense mechanisms to some degree but when they are not appropriate

A

-A large share of attention needs to be used to keep neurotic anxiety at check

98
Q

When we employ self defense mechanisms when they are not appropriate may result in

A

May result in anxiety-driven mental disorders “neurosis”

99
Q

What are the strengths of Freuds legacy?

A
  • The unconscious
  • Defense mechanisms
  • Childhood roots of adult psychological difficulties
  • Scientific progress was stimulated, philosophical debates were and still are prolific
  • Many contemporary theorists doing research on psychopathology have their roots in Freudian theory
  • Numerous therapy methods had been devised
100
Q

What are the limitations of Freuds legacy?

A
  • Lack of compelling scientific evidence
  • Abstract, empirically unobservable variables
  • Freuds study group: limited in scope
101
Q

Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts that rejected Freuds points emphasized

A
  • Functions of the ego (it has more control than id does over day-to-day activities)
  • The importance of society and culture (having more influence on personality development)
102
Q

Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts that rejected Freuds points minimized

A

The importance of sex as a driving force

103
Q

What did Carl Gustav Jung not agree with Freud on?

A

He did not agree with Freud on the primary importance of sexual urges in the unconscious

104
Q

What did Carl Gustav Jung argue with instead?

A

He looked more positively on the nature of the unconscious

105
Q

What is a collective unconscious?

A

A inherited set of ideas/feelings/images/symbols that are shared with all humans due to our common ancestral past as species

106
Q

The collective unconscious is common where?

A

Its common across cultures

107
Q

The collective unconscious affects what?

A

Affects behavior/attitudes and personality

108
Q

What are archetypes?

A

Universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences

109
Q

Whats the main task of human development?

A
  • Individuation

- Facing the unique challenges brought about by each of them

110
Q

What are the ideas on personality types?

A
  • Jungs ideas (Personality Typology)
  • 2 basic general attitudes
  • 4 basic functions
  • Judging vs perceiving
111
Q

The Personality Typology lead to what?

A

It lead to the development of Myers-Briggs personality test

112
Q

Where is Myers-Briggs personality test used?

A

Its used in business and industry to better understand how employees engage in decision making

113
Q

What are the 2 basic general attitudes?

A

1-Extravert

2-Introvert

114
Q

What are the 4 basic functions?

A
  • Sensing vs intuition

- Thinking vs feeling

115
Q

What are extraverts?

A

Its the affinity towards interactions with the outer world

116
Q

What are introverts?

A

General interest is directed towards the inner world

117
Q

What does thinking and feeling represent?

A

It represents how a person processes information

118
Q

What is thinking?

A

Decision making that is due mainly to the use of logic

119
Q

What is a feeling?

A

Where a person is inclined to make decisions based on emotions (the gut feeling on what they should do)

120
Q

What does sensing and intuition represent?

A

It represents the method through which a person obtains information

121
Q

What is sensing?

A

Its relying mainly on direct information from the outside world

122
Q

What is intuition?

A

Where the person is inclined to believe mainly the information received from the internal as well as imaginative world

123
Q

What does judging and perceiving represent?

A

It represents how people put into practice the information they acquired and processed

124
Q

What is judging?

A

Organization of all life events and strictly following them

125
Q

What is perceiving?

A

The inclination to improvise (act as is willed depending on current circumstances) and explore alternatives

126
Q

Karen Horney argued that personality develops through?

A
  • Social relationships

- Parent-child relationships

127
Q

Karen Horney rejected Freuds concept of penis envy, what did she argue instead?

A

She argued that women envy the independence/success/freedom associated to the male gender and denied to women in society

128
Q

Alfred Alder was the founder of?

A

Individual psychology, where the patient is an indivisible whole, we should focus on all aspects of a patients life, to understand the personality structure

129
Q

Alfred Alder considered Freuds emphasis on sexuality as

A

Misleading

130
Q

Alfred Adler believed that we strive for superiority due to?

A
  • Due to the feelings of inadequacy they developed as children
  • Constantly need care/affection/ physical comfort
  • Lack strength to deal with life on their own
131
Q

What is the inferiority complex?

A

Lack of self-worth, doubting abilities of oneself and a persistent feeling of being behind a comparable standard

132
Q

Inferiority complex can lead to 2 outcomes

A

1-Striving for personal superiority (psychologically unhealthy)
2-Striving for success for all (psychologically healthy)

133
Q

What is a trait?

A

Its a consistent personality characteristic and behavior displayed in different situations

134
Q

Example for a trait?

A

S/he is friendly, outgoing, shy, aggressive, dominant, calm, repulsive

135
Q

What is the trait theory?

A

A model of personality that aims to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality

136
Q

How many traits are there?

A

1-Allports theory
2-Cattell and Eysenck
3-The big five

137
Q

What is Allports Trait Theory?

A

Identifies basic characteristics

138
Q

How many basic traits are there?

A

There are 3 basic traits

139
Q

What are the 3 basic traits?

A

1-Cardinal traits
2-Central traits
3-Secondary traits

140
Q

What are Cardinal traits?

A

A single characteristic that directs most of a persons activities (totally selfless, power hungry)

141
Q

What are Central traits?

A

Several traits that make up the core of personality (honest, social, extraverted, pensive)

142
Q

What are Secondary traits?

A

Traits that are less influential than central or cardinal traits and affect behavior in rarer occasions

143
Q

What is Cattel and Eysenck theory?

A

Factoring out personality

144
Q

Factoring out personality is based on the statistical technique known as

A

Factor analysis

145
Q

What is Factor analysis?

A

Identification of patterns among a large number of variables

146
Q

We have 3 major dimensions in factor analysis

A

1-Extraversion
2-Neuroticism
3-Psychoticism

147
Q

What is extraversion?

A

Describes a persons level of sociability

148
Q

What is neuroticism?

A

Focuses on a persons emotional stability

149
Q

What is psychoticism?

A

The degree to which reality is distorted

150
Q

What are the big five personality traits?

A 
1-Opennes to experience
2-Consientiousness
3-Extraversion 
4-Agreeablessness 
5-Neuroticism
151
Q

What is openness to experience?

A

Being independent/ conforming/ imaginative/ practical/ preferring variety/ preferring routine

152
Q

What is conscientiousness?

A

Being careful/ careless/ disciplined/ impulsive/ organized/ disorganized

153
Q

What is extraversion?

A

Being talkative/ quiet/ fun loving/sober/ sociable/ retiring

154
Q

What is agreeableness?

A

Being sympathetic/ fault finding/ kind/ cold/ appreciative/ unfriendly

155
Q

What is neuroticism?

A

Emotion stability being stable/ tense/ calm/ anxious/ secure/ insecure

156
Q

What are the benefits of evaluating trait approaches?

A
  • They provide clear, straightforward explanation of peoples behavioral consistencies
  • Allow easier comparison between people
  • Helped in the development of several useful personality measures/tests
157
Q

What are the drawbacks of evaluating trait approaches?

A
  • Not a mutual agreement on basic/fundamental traits

- Traits appear to be mere labels personality but not explanations for behavior

158
Q

For learning approaches the focus is on what?

A

The focus is on the external environment on how the environment affects personality

159
Q

What are the learning approaches?

A
  • Skinner behaviorist approach
  • Social cognitive approach
  • Walter Mischels approach
  • Self-esteem approach
160
Q

What is Skinners behaviorist approach?

A

Where personality is a collection of learnt behavior patterns

161
Q

Similarities in responses across different situations are not due to?

A

Are not due to an internal trait, or unconscious factors but is due to similar patterns of reinforcement i received in similar situations earlier on in life

162
Q

What are social cognitive approaches to personality?

A

They are theories that emphasize the influence of a persons cognitions and observations of others behavior in determining personality

163
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Where personality develops through repeated observations of others behavior and their favorable/unfavorable consequences

164
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

The belief that we have the personal capabilities to master a situation and produce positive outcomes

165
Q

What is Walters Mischels approach?

A

Where personality is considerably more variable from one situation to the other

166
Q

What is situationism?

A

The view that personality cant be considered without taking the particular context of the situation into account

167
Q

Example for situationism

A
  • Behavior during a cinema session/ in a library more or less the same kind of behavior across people
  • Behavior during a party/ in a cafe more variability in behavior
168
Q

What is Cognitive-affective processing system theory (CAPS)?

A

Where peoples thoughts and emotions about themselves and the world determine how they view, and then react, in particular situations

169
Q

Personality is a reflection of what?

A

Its a reflection of how our prior experiences in different situations shape our behavior

170
Q

What is the self-esteem approach?

A

Where our behavior is also affected by our views of ourselves, and how we value various characteristics about our personalities

171
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

The part of our personality that includes our positive and negative self-evaluations

172
Q

Over inflation of self-esteem can lead to

A

Narcissism

173
Q

What is narcissim?

A

Its over-indugence on ones on capabilities and self-worth to the degree of uncaring about others, leading to self absorption, and holding unrealistic expectations from self

174
Q

What are limitations of skinners approach

A

Reducing behavior to a series of stimuli and responses

175
Q

Reducing behavior to a series of stimuli and responses lead to

A

Leads to ignoring thoughts and feelings an inadequate science

176
Q

What are the benefits of social cognitive approaches?

A
  • It focuses on observable behavior and the effect of environment
  • Able to provide scientific insights on treating psychological disorders
177
Q

Focusing on observable behavior and the effect of environment helps with?

A

Helps improve scientific understanding and research

178
Q

Being able to provide scientific insight on treating psychological disorders helps with?

A
  • Modification of environmental effects
  • Focusing on self-efficacy and self-esteem
  • Focusing on behavioral tasks to defeat self limiting thoughts
179
Q

What does the biological and evolutionary approach suggest?

A

It suggests that important components of personality are inherited (genetically inherited)

180
Q

The evolutionary perspective suggests that?

A

It suggests that personality traits that helped our ancestors survival and reproductive success are more likely to be preserved and passed on to subsequent generations

181
Q

What are the traits that are heavily influenced by heredity?

A
  • Social potency (the degree to which a person assumes mastery and leadership roles in social situations
  • Traditionalism (Tendency to follow authority)
182
Q

What are the root of adult personality?

A

Temperament

183
Q

What is temperament?

A

An individuals behavioral style and characteristic way of responding that emerges early in life

184
Q

What are the genes that interact with the environment?

A

Epigenetics

185
Q

Particular environmental factors may turn on

A

Genetic activation

186
Q

Genes not only influence behavior the also help with what?

A

They also help produce the environmental conditions that will help in personality development

187
Q

What is the humanistic approach?

A

It emphasizes peoples innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning

188
Q

What is the core of personality?

A

Conscious, self-motivated ability to change and improve along with unique creative impulses

189
Q

Carl Rogers and the need for self-actualization

A

People develop a need for positive regard from others we see and judge ourselves through their eyes

190
Q

What is self-actualization?

A

A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way

191
Q

Developing a positive regard from others may lead to conflict with

A

Self-concept

192
Q

What is self-concept?

A

A set of beliefs we hold about our own abilities, behavior, and personality

193
Q

If the discrepancy between what we experience in life, including regard from others, and our self-concept is not minor

A

Disturbance in daily functioning

194
Q

Whats one way to overcome this discrepancy?

A

To receive unconditional positive regard from a significant other or a therapist

195
Q

An attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what a person says or does gives and leads to what?

A
  • It gives the opportunity to grow both emotionally and cognitively
  • It leads to developing more realistic self-concepts
196
Q

What is conditional positive regard?

A

Depends on ones behavior

197
Q

Discrepancy?

A

Your true self-others expectations of you

198
Q

What are the benefits of the humanistic approaches?

A
  • Highlights the uniqueness of human beings

- Guides the development of a form of therapy designed to alleviate psychological difficulties

199
Q

What are the limitations of the humanistic approach?

A
  • Difficulty of verifying basic assumptions of the approach

- Making the assumption that people are basically good

Psychology (7 decks)

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