ch.9 Flashcards
what is alcohol’s mechanism action in the brain
GABA a agonist and how it is metabolized
Hangover is what?
a withdrawal symptoms which may be brought on by congeners. Rate of metabolism doesn’t vary
how it alcohol made
fruit will ferment when it ripens which then produces alcohol which is a modified sugar produced by yeast
Where was the first to attempt to control alcohol
England
what period tried to impose taxes and laws but it didn’t work
Colonial period
What happened in the colonial period
tried to imposes taxes and laws but they didn’t work, whiskey tax caused whiskey rebellion and since water was impure, everyone drank alcoholic beverages
What year did the temperance societies start
1830s
Temperance societies
very persuasive, early temperance propaganda - 1846, by the 1850s some states were dry in that they prohibited the manufacture and sale of use of alcohol
What happened between 1907-1919, 34
states prohibited laws, were very very persuasive, and in 1918 the constitutional amendment was submitted and it was ratified in 1920, repeal was in 1933
How do you produce alcohol
yeast -> sugar -> CO2 -> ethynol
What did they do in England to try to control alcohol
religious edicts, limit the number of serving establishments, licensing, prohibition and taxes
What are the different types of alcohol
- Ethyl alcohol
- Methyl alcohol
- Isopropyl alcohol
- Octanol
when fermenting alcohol it can only reach what percent or proof after the yeast die
15% or 30 proof
If you want to get a higher concentration of fermentation you have to what?
distill
Your liver can metabolize about what oz/hr for alcohol
.2-.3 oz/hr
What is fatty liver syndrome
“DILI”
- liver uses fatty acids as fuels
- alcohol is used instead of lipids
- fat builds up in the liver cells until they burst and release lipids into the blood
- bad for cardiovascular system
withdrawal
hangover is a withdrawal symptoms which may be brought on congeners and rate of metabolism doesn’t vary
what are the 10 hangover cures
vitamins, tranquilizers, drink alcohol, oxygen, exercise, eat, drink something disgusting, don’t think about it, lie still.
Withdrawal from chronic use of alcohol and barbituates can cause shock and death. What are the day 1 symptoms
- tremors
- insomnia
- feeling unreality
- nausea
- vomiting
- fever
what are the Day 2 withdrawal symptoms of alcohol and barbituates
- delirium tremens, gross tremors and convulsions
- can use benzodiazepines as anticonvulsants
- breathing stops during the convulsions and can cause death
Cardio vascular effect of chronic use
- myocardial infarction- heart attack, blood supply to heart becomes occluded
- angia pectoris- moderately insufficient blood supply to the heart
- cardiomyopathy- heart muscle become less efficient
all can be due to fatty liver syndrome
fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects
There are birth defects associated with drinking during pregnancy
1. cleft palate
2. heart disease
3. minimal brain dysfunction
peripherally effects
causes dilation of blood vessels so it seems like you are warmer but heat is really leaving the core of you body where you need it
centrally effects
another way of thinking about alcohol effects by considering what areas were effected
motor effects
are know to be caused by effects in the cerebellum and basal ganglia
hypothalamic effects
probably produce a decrease in feeding and an increase in water intake and also a decrease in sexual functioning
Limbic system effects
blackout, loss of memory, Korsakoff’s disease, increase in emotionally, state dependent memory, long term cortical depression that is not well understood
hormonal effects for males
- heavy use causes a decrease in sperm count - 5 times in the enzyme that degrades testosterone
- the book says not to worry because it takes a lot of drinking to get this effect
- male infertility is a major problem in reproductive medicine - a small decrease in sperm count can cause problems
synergies for alcohol and benzodiazipines and barbituates
huge decrease in heart rate, breathing, and body temp increase in neuronal death
synergies for alcohol and smoking
astronomical increase in oral cancer rates
synergies for alcohol and pesticides and food additives
increase the toxicity of both
what is Korsakoffs disease
damage to the hippocampus, causes holes, takes about 30-40 years of drinking to cause damage
where was the first place where there were attempts to control alcohol
England
describe how alcohol is made
yeast eats sugar and burps COs and pees ethynol and then dies in its pee.
what is the max that fermentation can get to before you have to distil to get higher concentrations
15% or 30 proof
what is Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing system (MEOS)
It is an alternate pathway to ethanol metabolization - MEOS activity increases after chronic alcohol consumption.
what is fatty liver syndrome
when alcohol is used instead of lipids the liver usually uses for fuel and that fat (lipids) start to uild up and they start to burst and get released into the blood.
Delirium Tremens
gross tremors (big movements) and conclusions
Are breathalyzers accurate
yes
Myocardial Infarction
caused by chronic use of alcohol (heart attack, blood supply to heart is blocked).
Angina Pectoris
caused by chronic use of alcohol (insufficient blood supply to heart).
Cardiomyopathy
caused by chronic use of alcohol (heart muscle becomes less efficient)
what is the current rat of fetal alcohol syndrome babies
1% of all births
how quickly can a fetus metabolize alcohol
28mh/12hr
how many milligrams of alcohol can an adult metabolize per hour?
700mg/hr
how does alcohol peripherally affect you?
creates dilation of blood vessels so it seems like you are warmer but the heat is leaving the core of your body.
what two items in your body does alchol affect to target your motor funciton
cerebellum ad basal ganglia
how does alcohol create hypothalamic effects
decreases hunger and increases thirst, and decreases sexual functioning (increases desire but inhibits preformance)
how does alcohol affect your limbic system?
in your hippocampus (blackouts and loss of memory), Korsakoff’s disease (anterograde amnesisa) and emotionally (cortical depression)
what shows the best images of white matter
diffusion tensor imaging
what are the three synergies we talked about in class with alchol.
alcohol + benzos
alcohol + smoking
alcohol + pesticides and food additives
