ch.12 Flashcards by Taylor Gertsch

do over the counter drugs have a low or high potential for abuse?

low potential.

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When FDA become concerned on how safe and effective these drugs were and how did they determine it?

in the 70s they started testing ingredients.

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GRAS

Generally regarded as safe

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GRAHL

generally regarded as honestly labled

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GRAE

generally regarded as honestly labled

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what were the three categories of safety of the drug.

I. Drug is safe and effective’
II. Drug is not safe and effective
III. Not known if it is safe and effective.

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does the FDA have the legal authority to take a drug off the market?

no, but people don’t really argue if they suggest it to be off the market, because they want to be on their good side for future drug acceptance

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New improved formula

used review process by the FDA as a marketing strategy

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what are the three ingredients of cold and hay fever products?

1) antihistamines
2) nasal decongestants
3) Analgesic-Antipyretics (anti fever)

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what kind of neurotransmitter is histamine

Central Nerves system neurotranssmitter

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if you mess around with histamine, what can happen with MAO

monoamine oxides can affect mood and mood disorders.

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what causes congestion?

fluid released from mucous membranes.

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what does antihistamine do

dries up mucous membranes but also produces drowsiness and sedation

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what is the CNS effect of antihistamine?

drowsiness and sedation

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what can decongestant cause in high doses

dizziness, nervousness, sleeplessness, increase blood pressure, confusion, and emotional behavior. (not common but parents should be aware).

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what are decongestants similar structurally to?

epinephrin and neurotransmitters

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are decongestant half lives long or short

long

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vasoconstriction

decrease in swelling (too much can cause sinus infection).

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what are the two kinds of pain

bright and dull

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What decreases bright pain best

Narcotics (spinal cord)

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what decreases dull pain best?

Aspirin (blocks COX)

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bright pain

excites you, it goes quickly

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dull pain

depresses you, its throbbing

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what determines what kind of pain you experience?

Its dependent on which peripheral fibers bring signals into the spinal cord.

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what does Prostaglandin do?

Sends pain signals towards the spinal cord.

COX2 what is it

involved in producing prostaglandin

how does peripheral pain work

Bradykinin and histamine bind to the dermatome and then that allows prostaglandin to blind to nerves and causes pain signals to fire to spinal cord.

Over the counter drugs have a ____ potential for abuse and a _____history of non-controlled use.

low; long

Review panels

what the FDA used to determine how over the counter drugs can be determined safe and effective.

what drugs were taken off the market

if the drug is not safe and effective (II category)

what neurotransmitter is histamine?

A Central Nervous System neurotransmitter.

Why do we take Histamines

For the peripheral effect.

what do antihistamines do?

drying of mucous membranes and drowsiness and sedation.

what does Aspirin block

COX

How is prostaglandin produced?

COX2 metabolizing arachidonic acid.

Peripheral pain

skin pain. (stick and poke pain)

When was Asprin synthesized

1898 in Byer labs

what is Aspirin called

Acetylsalicylic Acid

Is Aspirin a brand name?

yes

what does Asprin do

1) Analgesic 2) Antipyretic 3) Anti-Inflammatory 4) Anticoagulant

how does Aspirin decrease body temperature.

It normalizes temperature, not decrease it point blank.

what does Analgesic mean

reduces/relives pain.

What does Anticoagulant mean?

Stops clotting of blood.

What does Antipyretic mean?

reduces fever

what is the neurotransmitter in between hypothalamus and ANS?

prostaglandin

what is the ANS?

Autonomic Nervous system

Antiphyl effect

works on hypothalamus to increase sweating and dilate peripheral blood vessels

What is the downside to aspirin

You cannot take aspirin every day all the time without serious health effect. Asprin is only positive taken every once in a while.

Phenacetin is like what

very like aspirin

What causes kidney damage and maybe cancer

Phenacetin

what are the types of analgesics

phenacetin and acetaminophen

What is an active metabolite of phenacetin

acetaminophen

Acetaminophen can cause what at high levels

toxic, as 15 gra,s causes liver damage and can cause coma and death.

Ibuprofen

a good analgesic and anti-inflammatory.

_______ absorption is a little slower than acetaminophen.

Ibuprofen

_____increases bleeding time.

Ibuprofen and aspirin

what is the best analgesic on the market?

Ibuprofen

______ and _______ were traditionally used in sleep preparation before the FDA review.

Methapyrilene; scopolamine( a hallucinogen)

today many sleep preparations have ________ in them like ____________.

antihistamines; Diphenhydramine

Sleep onset insomnia

laying there for too long

intermittent insomnia

waking up a lot during the night.

terminal insomnia

Waking up too early and not going back to sleep.

can drugs help terminal insomnia

no.

what causes REM rebound

any drugs meant to get you to sleep.

Diet Preparations has what kind of drugs in it?

stimulants and decongestants

what's the downsides to diet preparations?

It only works for a few weeks and can produce a lot of bad side effects.

Histamine

1) plays a role in peripheral pain. 2) mucous membranes (dries it up). 3) Inflammation

most of the drugs that binds to ___________________ cross the blood brain barrier.

Histamine's 4 receptors (H1, H2, H3, and H4

there are some___ specific drugs that do not cross __________

H2; the blood brain barrier

All four types of histamine receptors

are G-poteen coupled receptors ( they have longer latency effects).

Central Nervous system histamine affects

Limbic system and hippocampus

what is Rye syndrome

it happens when a child has a viral infection and is treated with aspirin. (this is why Tylenol was invented and why it sells so well).

NSAIDS

a steriod

Analgesia

blocks prostaglandin synthesis by using COX.

Antipyretic effect

works on the hypothalamus to increase sweating and dilate peripheral blood vessels.

Anti-coagulant effect

there is too much bleeding so its the reason we say no Aspirin for 1 week before surgery.

why is histamine an issue?

- Because it has 4 receptors (h1, H2, H3, H4) all but H2 get through the blood brain barrier.