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drugs ch.6-12 > ch.12 > Flashcards

ch.12 Flashcards

1
Q

do over the counter drugs have a low or high potential for abuse?

A

low potential.

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2
Q

When FDA become concerned on how safe and effective these drugs were and how did they determine it?

A

in the 70s they started testing ingredients.

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3
Q

GRAS

A

Generally regarded as safe

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4
Q

GRAHL

A

generally regarded as honestly labled

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5
Q

GRAE

A

generally regarded as honestly labled

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6
Q

what were the three categories of safety of the drug.

A

I. Drug is safe and effective’
II. Drug is not safe and effective
III. Not known if it is safe and effective.

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7
Q

does the FDA have the legal authority to take a drug off the market?

A

no, but people don’t really argue if they suggest it to be off the market, because they want to be on their good side for future drug acceptance

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8
Q

New improved formula

A

used review process by the FDA as a marketing strategy

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9
Q

what are the three ingredients of cold and hay fever products?

A

1) antihistamines
2) nasal decongestants
3) Analgesic-Antipyretics (anti fever)

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10
Q

what kind of neurotransmitter is histamine

A

Central Nerves system neurotranssmitter

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11
Q

if you mess around with histamine, what can happen with MAO

A

monoamine oxides can affect mood and mood disorders.

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12
Q

what causes congestion?

A

fluid released from mucous membranes.

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13
Q

what does antihistamine do

A

dries up mucous membranes but also produces drowsiness and sedation

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14
Q

what is the CNS effect of antihistamine?

A

drowsiness and sedation

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15
Q

what can decongestant cause in high doses

A

dizziness, nervousness, sleeplessness, increase blood pressure, confusion, and emotional behavior. (not common but parents should be aware).

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16
Q

what are decongestants similar structurally to?

A

epinephrin and neurotransmitters

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17
Q

are decongestant half lives long or short

A

long

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18
Q

vasoconstriction

A

decrease in swelling (too much can cause sinus infection).

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19
Q

what are the two kinds of pain

A

bright and dull

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20
Q

What decreases bright pain best

A

Narcotics (spinal cord)

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21
Q

what decreases dull pain best?

A

Aspirin (blocks COX)

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22
Q

bright pain

A

excites you, it goes quickly

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23
Q

dull pain

A

depresses you, its throbbing

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24
Q

what determines what kind of pain you experience?

A

Its dependent on which peripheral fibers bring signals into the spinal cord.

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25
Q

what does Prostaglandin do?

A

Sends pain signals towards the spinal cord.

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26
Q

COX2 what is it

A

involved in producing prostaglandin

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27
Q

how does peripheral pain work

A

Bradykinin and histamine bind to the dermatome and then that allows prostaglandin to blind to nerves and causes pain signals to fire to spinal cord.

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28
Q

Over the counter drugs have a ____ potential for abuse and a _____history of non-controlled use.

A

low; long

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29
Q

Review panels

A

what the FDA used to determine how over the counter drugs can be determined safe and effective.

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30
Q

what drugs were taken off the market

A

if the drug is not safe and effective (II category)

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31
Q

what neurotransmitter is histamine?

A

A Central Nervous System neurotransmitter.

32
Q

Why do we take Histamines

A

For the peripheral effect.

33
Q

what do antihistamines do?

A

drying of mucous membranes and drowsiness and sedation.

34
Q

what does Aspirin block

A

COX

35
Q

How is prostaglandin produced?

A

COX2 metabolizing arachidonic acid.

36
Q

Peripheral pain

A

skin pain. (stick and poke pain)

37
Q

When was Asprin synthesized

A

1898 in Byer labs

38
Q

what is Aspirin called

A

Acetylsalicylic Acid

39
Q

Is Aspirin a brand name?

A

yes

40
Q

what does Asprin do

A

1) Analgesic
2) Antipyretic
3) Anti-Inflammatory
4) Anticoagulant

41
Q

how does Aspirin decrease body temperature.

A

It normalizes temperature, not decrease it point blank.

42
Q

what does Analgesic mean

A

reduces/relives pain.

43
Q

What does Anticoagulant mean?

A

Stops clotting of blood.

44
Q

What does Antipyretic mean?

A

reduces fever

45
Q

what is the neurotransmitter in between hypothalamus and ANS?

A

prostaglandin

46
Q

what is the ANS?

A

Autonomic Nervous system

47
Q

Antiphyl effect

A

works on hypothalamus to increase sweating and dilate peripheral blood vessels

48
Q

What is the downside to aspirin

A

You cannot take aspirin every day all the time without serious health effect. Asprin is only positive taken every once in a while.

49
Q

Phenacetin is like what

A

very like aspirin

50
Q

What causes kidney damage and maybe cancer

A

Phenacetin

51
Q

what are the types of analgesics

A

phenacetin and acetaminophen

52
Q

What is an active metabolite of phenacetin

A

acetaminophen

53
Q

Acetaminophen can cause what at high levels

A

toxic, as 15 gra,s causes liver damage and can cause coma and death.

54
Q

Ibuprofen

A

a good analgesic and anti-inflammatory.

55
Q

_______ absorption is a little slower than acetaminophen.

A

Ibuprofen

56
Q

_____increases bleeding time.

A

Ibuprofen and aspirin

57
Q

what is the best analgesic on the market?

A

Ibuprofen

58
Q

______ and _______ were traditionally used in sleep preparation before the FDA review.

A

Methapyrilene; scopolamine( a hallucinogen)

59
Q

today many sleep preparations have ________ in them like ____________.

A

antihistamines; Diphenhydramine

60
Q

Sleep onset insomnia

A

laying there for too long

61
Q

intermittent insomnia

A

waking up a lot during the night.

62
Q

terminal insomnia

A

Waking up too early and not going back to sleep.

63
Q

can drugs help terminal insomnia

A

no.

64
Q

what causes REM rebound

A

any drugs meant to get you to sleep.

65
Q

Diet Preparations has what kind of drugs in it?

A

stimulants and decongestants

66
Q

what’s the downsides to diet preparations?

A

It only works for a few weeks and can produce a lot of bad side effects.

67
Q

Histamine

A

1) plays a role in peripheral pain.
2) mucous membranes (dries it up).
3) Inflammation

68
Q

most of the drugs that binds to ___________________ cross the blood brain barrier.

A

Histamine’s 4 receptors (H1, H2, H3, and H4

69
Q

there are some___ specific drugs that do not cross __________

A

H2; the blood brain barrier

70
Q

All four types of histamine receptors

A

are G-poteen coupled receptors ( they have longer latency effects).

71
Q

Central Nervous system histamine affects

A

Limbic system and hippocampus

72
Q

what is Rye syndrome

A

it happens when a child has a viral infection and is treated with aspirin. (this is why Tylenol was invented and why it sells so well).

73
Q

NSAIDS

A

a steriod

74
Q

Analgesia

A

blocks prostaglandin synthesis by using COX.

75
Q

Antipyretic effect

A

works on the hypothalamus to increase sweating and dilate peripheral blood vessels.

76
Q

Anti-coagulant effect

A

there is too much bleeding so its the reason we say no Aspirin for 1 week before surgery.

77
Q

why is histamine an issue?

A
  • Because it has 4 receptors (h1, H2, H3, H4) all but H2 get through the blood brain barrier.

drugs ch.6-12 (7 decks)

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