ch.12 Flashcards
do over the counter drugs have a low or high potential for abuse?
low potential.
When FDA become concerned on how safe and effective these drugs were and how did they determine it?
in the 70s they started testing ingredients.
GRAS
Generally regarded as safe
GRAHL
generally regarded as honestly labled
GRAE
generally regarded as honestly labled
what were the three categories of safety of the drug.
I. Drug is safe and effective’
II. Drug is not safe and effective
III. Not known if it is safe and effective.
does the FDA have the legal authority to take a drug off the market?
no, but people don’t really argue if they suggest it to be off the market, because they want to be on their good side for future drug acceptance
New improved formula
used review process by the FDA as a marketing strategy
what are the three ingredients of cold and hay fever products?
1) antihistamines
2) nasal decongestants
3) Analgesic-Antipyretics (anti fever)
what kind of neurotransmitter is histamine
Central Nerves system neurotranssmitter
if you mess around with histamine, what can happen with MAO
monoamine oxides can affect mood and mood disorders.
what causes congestion?
fluid released from mucous membranes.
what does antihistamine do
dries up mucous membranes but also produces drowsiness and sedation
what is the CNS effect of antihistamine?
drowsiness and sedation
what can decongestant cause in high doses
dizziness, nervousness, sleeplessness, increase blood pressure, confusion, and emotional behavior. (not common but parents should be aware).
what are decongestants similar structurally to?
epinephrin and neurotransmitters
are decongestant half lives long or short
long
vasoconstriction
decrease in swelling (too much can cause sinus infection).
what are the two kinds of pain
bright and dull
What decreases bright pain best
Narcotics (spinal cord)
what decreases dull pain best?
Aspirin (blocks COX)
bright pain
excites you, it goes quickly
dull pain
depresses you, its throbbing
what determines what kind of pain you experience?
Its dependent on which peripheral fibers bring signals into the spinal cord.
what does Prostaglandin do?
Sends pain signals towards the spinal cord.
COX2 what is it
involved in producing prostaglandin
how does peripheral pain work
Bradykinin and histamine bind to the dermatome and then that allows prostaglandin to blind to nerves and causes pain signals to fire to spinal cord.
Over the counter drugs have a ____ potential for abuse and a _____history of non-controlled use.
low; long
Review panels
what the FDA used to determine how over the counter drugs can be determined safe and effective.
what drugs were taken off the market
if the drug is not safe and effective (II category)
what neurotransmitter is histamine?
A Central Nervous System neurotransmitter.
Why do we take Histamines
For the peripheral effect.
what do antihistamines do?
drying of mucous membranes and drowsiness and sedation.
what does Aspirin block
COX
How is prostaglandin produced?
COX2 metabolizing arachidonic acid.
Peripheral pain
skin pain. (stick and poke pain)
When was Asprin synthesized
1898 in Byer labs
what is Aspirin called
Acetylsalicylic Acid
Is Aspirin a brand name?
yes
what does Asprin do
1) Analgesic
2) Antipyretic
3) Anti-Inflammatory
4) Anticoagulant
how does Aspirin decrease body temperature.
It normalizes temperature, not decrease it point blank.
what does Analgesic mean
reduces/relives pain.
What does Anticoagulant mean?
Stops clotting of blood.
What does Antipyretic mean?
reduces fever
what is the neurotransmitter in between hypothalamus and ANS?
prostaglandin
what is the ANS?
Autonomic Nervous system
Antiphyl effect
works on hypothalamus to increase sweating and dilate peripheral blood vessels
What is the downside to aspirin
You cannot take aspirin every day all the time without serious health effect. Asprin is only positive taken every once in a while.
Phenacetin is like what
very like aspirin
What causes kidney damage and maybe cancer
Phenacetin
what are the types of analgesics
phenacetin and acetaminophen
What is an active metabolite of phenacetin
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen can cause what at high levels
toxic, as 15 gra,s causes liver damage and can cause coma and death.
Ibuprofen
a good analgesic and anti-inflammatory.
_______ absorption is a little slower than acetaminophen.
Ibuprofen
_____increases bleeding time.
Ibuprofen and aspirin
what is the best analgesic on the market?
Ibuprofen
______ and _______ were traditionally used in sleep preparation before the FDA review.
Methapyrilene; scopolamine( a hallucinogen)
today many sleep preparations have ________ in them like ____________.
antihistamines; Diphenhydramine
Sleep onset insomnia
laying there for too long
intermittent insomnia
waking up a lot during the night.
terminal insomnia
Waking up too early and not going back to sleep.
can drugs help terminal insomnia
no.
what causes REM rebound
any drugs meant to get you to sleep.
Diet Preparations has what kind of drugs in it?
stimulants and decongestants
what’s the downsides to diet preparations?
It only works for a few weeks and can produce a lot of bad side effects.
Histamine
1) plays a role in peripheral pain.
2) mucous membranes (dries it up).
3) Inflammation
most of the drugs that binds to ___________________ cross the blood brain barrier.
Histamine’s 4 receptors (H1, H2, H3, and H4
there are some___ specific drugs that do not cross __________
H2; the blood brain barrier
All four types of histamine receptors
are G-poteen coupled receptors ( they have longer latency effects).
Central Nervous system histamine affects
Limbic system and hippocampus
what is Rye syndrome
it happens when a child has a viral infection and is treated with aspirin. (this is why Tylenol was invented and why it sells so well).
NSAIDS
a steriod
Analgesia
blocks prostaglandin synthesis by using COX.
Antipyretic effect
works on the hypothalamus to increase sweating and dilate peripheral blood vessels.
Anti-coagulant effect
there is too much bleeding so its the reason we say no Aspirin for 1 week before surgery.
why is histamine an issue?
- Because it has 4 receptors (h1, H2, H3, H4) all but H2 get through the blood brain barrier.
