Ch.8 Quality Flashcards
What is the process of quality management?
- Plan quality management
- Perform quality management
- Control quality
What are the key outputs of the plan quality management process?
- Quality management plan
- Quality metrics
- Quality checklist
- Process improvement plan
- Updates to project documents
What are the key output of the perform quality assurance process?
- Change request
- Updates to standards, processes, and quality systems (organizational process assets)
- Update to project management plan and project documents.
what are the key outputs of the control quality process?
- Quality control measurements
- Validated changes
- Work performance information
- Updates to project management plan and project documents
- Change requests
- Lessons learned (part of updates to organizational process assets)
- Verified deliverables
What is the definition of quality?
The degree to which the project fulfills requirements.
How quality differ from grade?
Whereas quality is the degree to which requirements are fulfilled, grade refers to a general category or calcifications for a deliverable or resources that indicates common function, but vary technical specifications.
What does gold plating mean?
Adding extra item and services to customer deliverables that do not necessarily contribute added value or quality
What is marginal analysis?
An analysis to determine when optimal quality is reached, to determine the point where incremental benefits or revenue from improving quality equals the incremental cost to secure it.
What is the process improvement plan?
A plan for analyzing the processes used on the project to improve them, looking for way to decrease defects, save time and money, and increate the customer satisfaction.
What is quality metrics?
Specific measures of quality to be used on the project in the perform quality assurance and control quality processes.
What does continuous improvements mean?
The ongoing enhancement of a project or services through small, continuous improvements in quality
How much inventory is maintained in a just in time (JIT) environment?
How does this affect attention to quality?
Little inventory is maintained
It forces attention to quality
What is ISO 9000?
International organization for standardization (ISO) quality standardization that help organizations ensure that they have quality procedures and are following them.
What is the definition of total quality management or TQM?
A comprehensive management philosophy that encourages companies to find ways to continuously improve the quality of business practices, products, and services at every level of the organization.
Why is prevention over inspection important?
Because the cost of avoiding or prevention mistakes is much less that the cost of correcting them.
What does “mutual exclusivity” mean?
Two events can not both occur in a signal trial
What is statistical independence?
The probability of event “B” occurring does not depend on even “A” occurring.
What is a normal distributing curve?
A symmetric bell-shaped frequency distribution curve used to measure variation
This is the most common probability distribution
What does sigma signify in a process?
What is another name for sigma?
How much variance from the mean has been established as permissible in a process
Standrad deviation
What do 3 sigma and 6 sigma refer to?
These are commonly used as quality standards
3 sigma: +/- 3 SD from the mean
6 sigma: +/- 6 SD from the mean
6 sigma is a higher quality SD than 3 sigma
What is the difference between a population and a sample?
Population: The total number of individual members, items or elements comprising a uniquely defined group
Sample: A statistically valid subset of population members
Who is responsible about the quality a project?
The project manager has the ultimate responsibility, plus the team should inspect their own work.
What are the impacts of poor quality?
- Increased cost
- Decreased profits
- Low morale
- Low customer satisfaction
- Increased risk
- Rework
- Schedule delays
What are examples of costs of conformance and costs nonconformance?
costs of conformance:
- Quality training
- Studies
- Surveys
- Efforts to ensure everyone knows the processes to sue to complete their work.
costs of nonconformance:
- Rework
- Scrap
- Inventory costs
- Warranty costs
- Lost business
What are costs of nonconformance associated with?
Which should be greater, the costs of conformance or nonconformance?
Costs of nonconformance are associated with poor quality
The costs of conformance should be less than the cost of conformance.
What are the seven basic quality tools (7QC)?
- Cause and effect diagram
- Flowchart
- checksheet
- Pareto diagram
- Histogram
- Control chart
- Scatter diagram
What is quality checklist?
A list of items to inspect a list of steps to perform, or a picture of an item to be inspected, with space to note any defects found.
How does a checksheet differ from a quality checksheet?
Although a checksheet is a type of checklist, its primary purpose is to gather data.
The quality checklist is intended to help verify a required action has taken place or item has been included.
What is the cause and effect diagram?
A graphical tool that helps determine the possible root causes of a problem.
It is also called a fishbone or Ishikawa diagram.
What does a flowchart show?
How a process or a system flows from a beginning to end, how the elements interrelate, alternative paths the process can take, and how the process translates inputs into outputs.
What is a pareto chart?
A histogram that arranges the results from most frequent to least frequent to help identify which root causes are resulting in the most problem.
What does a scatter diagram show?
The relationship between two variables.
What is a control chart?
A specialized trend chart that documents whether a measured process is in or out of statistical control.
What are control limits?
The acceptable range of variations on a control chart.
What are the specifications limits on a control chart?
The customer’s definition of acceptable product/service characteristics and tolerances.
How do we define a process as statistically out of control?
What does out of control mean?
A data point falls outside the upper or lower control limit, or there are nonrandom data points.
There is a lack of consistency and predictability in the process
What is the rule of seven and what does it signify?
Seven consecutive data points appearing on a control chart on one side of the mean.
The process is out of statistical control.
What is an assignable cause/specific cause variation?
A data point (or set of data points) on a control chart indicates that the measured process is out of statistical control and that the cause(s) of the event must be investigated.
Define benchmarking
Comparing your project to other projects to get ideas for improvement and to provide a benchmark for measuring quality performance.
What is design of experiments?
A statistical method that allows you to experimentally change all of the important variables in a process to determine what combination will optimize over quality.
What is statical sampling?
Inspecting by testing only part of a population.
Define cost-benefit analysis.
Comparing the costs of an effort to the benefits of the effort.
What are some of the tools and techniques used in the perform quality assurance process?
- Plan quality management and control quality tools and techniques
- Process analysis
- Quality audits
- Affinity diagram
- Tree diagrams
- Process decision program chart.
- Interrelationship digraphs
- Matrix diagrams
- Prioritization matrices
- Activity network diagrams
What is quality audit?
Structured review of quality policies practices and procedures to ensure they are efficient and effective.
These audits often results in lessons learned for the organization
