Ch.8: Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

fluid within the cell

Answer 1

intracellular fluid

Question 2

fluid outside the cell, includes the interstitial or tissue spaces and the plasma in the blood vessels

Answer 2

extracellular fluid

Question 3

substances that dissociate in a solution to form large particles. positive-negative particles

Answer 3

Electrolytes Ex: Sodium

Question 4

substances that do not dissociate into charged particles

Answer 4

non electrolyte Ex: sugar

Question 5

LAB VALUE:

Sodium:

Answer 5

135-145

Question 6

LAB VALUE:

Potassium

Answer 6

3.5-5.0

Question 7

LAB VALUE:

Chloride

Answer 7

98-106

Question 8

LAB VALUE:

Bicarbonate

Answer 8

24-31

Question 9

LAB VALUE:

Calcium

Answer 9

8.5-10.5

Question 10

LAB VALUE:

Magnesium

Answer 10

1.3-2.1

Question 11

pushing force exerted by a fluid, same as capillary filtration pressure. 30 mg @ arterial end and 10 mg @ venous end.

Answer 11

hydrostatic pressure

Question 12

pushes fluid back in, PULLS WATER BACK INTO THE CAPILLARY

Answer 12

colloidal osmotic pressure

Question 13

fluid trapped in one of several trancelular spaces. CANNOT BE USED FOR NORMAL WORK OF THE BODY, called trapped or “sequested” Ex: pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites

Answer 13

Third spacing

Question 14

Ascites:

Answer 14

fluid trapped in abdomen
common cause: right side heart failure
Treatment: inject a needle and drain the fluid (manage)

Question 15

Pleural effusion:

Answer 15

fluid between the pleural space
symptoms:shortness of breath
need of chest tube (continual)

Question 16

Movement of water from an area of lower concentration to an area of Greater concentration

Answer 16

osmosis

Question 17

osmolarity of the blood plasma is determined largely by

Answer 17

the amount of sodium contained in the plasma

Question 18

normal homeostatic mechanisms of water gains and loses include:

Answer 18

thirst, decrease/increase secretion of ADH (controls how much fluid to take in), increase/decrease urine output

Question 19

obligatory urine output measurement:

Answer 19

300-500 ml/24 hrs of urine (adult)

Question 20

decrease in ability to sense thirst

Answer 20

hypodipsia

Question 21

excessive thirst

Answer 21

polydipsia

Question 22

What are the main regulators of water intake and output?

Answer 22

Thirst and ADH
(thirst leads to water ingestion)
(ADH leads to reabsorption of water by the kidneys)

Question 23

FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT: (dehydration)

isotonic

Answer 23

equal loss of water and sodium
cause: vomiting, diarrhea, misuse of diuretics
STILL IN HOMEOSTASIS
Treatment: give .9% saline IV

Question 24

FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT: (dehydration)

Hypertonic

Answer 24

more water loss than sodium

causes: osmosis diuresis (sweating), loss of thirst sensation, in-availability of water
treatment: drink water

Question 25

FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT: (dehydration)

Hypotonic

Answer 25

more sodium loss than water
causes: excess renal loss of Na, aldosterone deficiency
Treament: Iv .9 saline (caution)

Question 26

Signs and symptoms of fluid volume deficit

Answer 26

dry skin and mucous membranes (tongue)
poor skin turgor
concentrated urine output
bp may decreased and heart rate increased

Question 27

Fluid volume excess:

Answer 27

cause: impaired kidney function/ heart failure/ too much water & sodium
symptoms: acute weight gain (water weight), bounding pulse, increased BP, dyspnea

Question 28

a blood test that shows the % or proportion of red blood cells to the plasma (fluid)

Answer 28

hematocrit

Question 29

with dehydration, will hematocrit increase or decrease?

Answer 29

increase, due to lack of fluid

Question 30

lab test that measures the weight or density of urine compared to the weight of water. STANDARD OF WATER IS 1.000

Answer 30

urine specific gravity

Question 31

NORMAL RANGE OF URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

Answer 31

1.010-1.025

Question 32

What results in a high specific gravity

Answer 32

dehydration

Question 33

Edema: sign of excess interstitial fluid, what are 4 of the etiology

Answer 33

increase hydrostatic pressure
lowered plasma osmotic pressure
increase capillary permeability
lymphatic channel obstruction (lymphoma)

Question 34

True or false: any fluid retention that is caused by the heart, you give a diuretic

Answer 34

true

Question 35

block sodium/chloride reabsorption, given for pulmonary/cardiac edema. restrict consumption of sodium when given this medication

Answer 35

lasix

Question 36

Diuretics lead to a loss of ??

Answer 36

potassium