Ch15-16: IMMUNITY

Question 1

Protection from infectious disease by a collective, coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system

Answer 1

immunology

Question 2

Innate Immune System:

Answer 2

first line of defense
natural or native
early and rapid
recognize self vs non self, prevents establishment of infection
Includes: skin, mucous membranes, phagocytic leukocytes, NK cells, and complement proteins

Question 3

Adaptive Immune System

Answer 3

second life of defense
specific / acquired
slower and more effective
recognition, plan, attack
Cell-mediated & Humoral

Question 4

Humoral

Answer 4

Defend in blood and mucous
B lymphocytes produce antibodies
recognition of antigen- plasma cells release antibodies
antibodies then bind to microbes before they invade tissue and mark for destruction

Question 5

Cell- Mediated

Answer 5

attack inside the cell
T lymphocytes recognize antigen presenting cells
Helper T cells, help out B cells with antibody production and phagocytes destroy their contents
Cytotoxic T cells kill intracellular microbes

Question 6

Factors affecting immune responses include

Answer 6

age, nutrition, & stress

Question 7

Newborn babies

Answer 7

thymus is full-sized and functional (IgG) yet lack antibodies due to lack of exposure (year to develop fully)

Question 8

Elderly

Answer 8

decrease immune function, more susceptible. Decrease size of thymus and amount of T cells

Question 9

Nutrition:

Answer 9

Malnutrition-decrease in immune cells;

Excess adipose tissue-chronic inflammatory response

Question 10

Stress

Answer 10

Prolonged can suppress immune response

Question 11

immune system is too responsive or overreactive/ caused by the immune system

Answer 11

Hypersensitivity

Question 12

two types of hypersensitivity include

Answer 12

immediate and delayed (type IV)

Question 13

rapid reaction to exposure to antigen/ within minutes. range in severity from rhinitis to anaphylaxis

Answer 13

IMMEDIATE

Question 14

inflammatory response that takes 24-72 hours to develop in response to activated mononuclear lymphocytes. (TB SKIN TEST)

Answer 14

DELAYED

Question 15

Immune system produces ____ for each allergen, that produces histamine production from you mast cells.

Answer 15

IgE

Question 16

What produces all the allergic reactions that we know (teary eyes, difficulty breathing, G.I upsets)

Answer 16

Histamine

Question 17

Allergies can show up later due to :

Answer 17

exposure during weaken immune state, exposed to high levels, or move to a new area

Question 18

Systemic Anaphylaxis

Answer 18

life threatening hypersensitivity
widespread edema, bronchospasm, and vascular shock secondary to vasodilation (HISTAMINE)
Can be ingested, injected, or absorbed
hives, itching, difficulty breathing, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, edema and obstruction of airway

Question 19

Common Antigens in Systemic Anaphylaxis include

Answer 19

food, insects, latex, and drugs

Question 20

are potent vasodilators that response to antigen exposure within 5 to 30 minutes, increasing capillary permeability and smooth muscle contraction and bronchoconstriction

Answer 20

histamines

Question 21

block histamine release and treat symptoms such as edema, rhinitis, hives, etc.

Answer 21

antihistamine

Question 22

Breakdown in the body’s ability to differentiate between self and non-self antigens
Specific cause is unknown, could be genetic and/or environmental (includes infectious agents)
Can affect almost any type of cell or tissue in the body

Answer 22

Autoimmune Disorders

Question 23

Examples of Autoimmune Disorders include

Answer 23

• Systemc: Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis
  
  • Blood: autoimmune hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytic purpura
  • Other:Hashimoto thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, Crohn’s disease

Question 24

Treatments regarding autoimmune disorders include

Answer 24

focusing on the mechanisms underlying the disorder

CORTICOSTEROIDS AND IMMUNOSUPPRESIVE DRUGS

Question 25

work by preventing DNA synthesis in immune cells, preventing replication and eventually causing cell death

Answer 25

immunosuppressive agents

Question 26

Work by suppressing inflammatory response that characterizes disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus
Can have severe side effects depending on dosage and length of therapy (weight gain, Cushing’s syndrome, osteoporosis, pregnancy complications, glaucoma, etc)

Answer 26

steroids

Question 27

Primary immunodeficiency

Answer 27

• congenital/ inherited
• rare
• etiology: genetics (recessive X-linked, autosomal mutations)
• patho: affect signaling pathways that dictate immune cell developments
  Clinical consequence: early detection is CRITICAL, recurrent, persistent or unusual infections, family trees important

Question 28

Secondary Immunodeficiency:

Answer 28

• acquired (AIDS)
• etiology: pathogens, aging, malignancies, malnutrition, drugs
• Clinical consequence- no cure, immunosuppressive, congenital transmission is possible

Question 29

HIV:

Answer 29

develops into AIDS
presence of a CD4 count below 200
transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk
sex is the most common
Retrovirus that infect ( CD4 T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells)

Question 30

Stages of HIV

Answer 30

primary - flu- like symptoms
latency - asymptomatic (years)
AIDS- CD4 below 200/ opportunistic infection

Question 31

Decreased levels of CD4 T Cells create susceptibility to various conditions that would not infect a “healthy” person

Answer 31

opportunistic infections

Question 32

Decrease the amount of virus in the body

• 5 classes- each class attempts to interrupt the life cycle of the virus at a different point
• Combination therapy is ideal, usually at least 3 drugs (called HAART-Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy)
• Goal is undetectable viral load and increasing CD4 count

Answer 32

Antiretrovirals