Ch.14: INFECTION

Question 1

the presence, multiplication and subsequent injury within a host by another living organism

Answer 1

infection

Question 2

the act of establishing a presence

Answer 2

colonization

Question 3

the presence of sustaining injury or pathologic damage in response to an infection. Severity can range from mild to life threatening depending on variables

Answer 3

infectious disease

Question 4

small, modified infectious host proteins, cause normal proteins to change shape and make new prions, clump together, cause degenerate of the nervous systems. no hereditary (mad-cow)

Answer 4

prions

Question 5

smallest of the pathogen, they have no organized cellular structure, do have proteins coat (nucleic acid), no metabolic enzyme, insert their genome into a host cell’s DNA. rely on host cell

Answer 5

viruses

Question 6

have no membrane bound organelles. live independently, use host for food/home. produce toxins and exotoxin

Answer 6

bacteria

Question 7

have no cell wall can cause pneumonia

Answer 7

mycoplasma

Question 8

must live inside a cell to metabolize, rocky mounted spike fever

Answer 8

rikettsia

Question 9

use live inside a cell to meatabolize (sexually transmitted)

Answer 9

chlamydia

Question 10

most require a decrease human body temperature/body surface (ringworm)

Answer 10

fungi

Question 11

parasite- west nile virus/malaria

Answer 11

protozoa

Question 12

roundworm/tapeworm

Answer 12

helminths

Question 13

Infection risk, influencing factors include:

Answer 13

type of pathogen (who what what when )

Portal of Entry: (Transmission in direct proportion to pathogen quantity
Penetration, direct contact, ingestion, inhalation)

Immune competence

Question 14

Bacterial Growth:

Answer 14

humidify
biofilm
oxygenation
adaptability
growth parameters (environment)

Question 15

LPS-dependent: in low levels beneficial (T- lymph activate), in high levels harmful (septic shock, DIC, ARDS)
Gram-negative bacteria

Answer 15

endotoxins

Question 16

Inactivate or modify vital cell elements, cause cell death or dysfunction (diphtheria, botulism tetanus, cholera)

Answer 16

exotoxins

Question 17

Chain of infection:

Answer 17

reservoir
portal of entry
portal of exit
means of transmission
susceptible host

Question 18

Horizontal – sexual intercourse

Vertical - congenital

Answer 18

direct transmission

Question 19

Ingestion – PO, GI

Inhalation - lungs

Answer 19

indirect transmission

Question 20

Routes of Entry & Defense Mechanisms:

Skin and Mucosa

Answer 20

provide physical & multilayer barrier

Question 21

Routes of Entry & Defense Mechanisms:

Oral cavity and GI tract

Answer 21

pH levels, and enzyme activity of gastric secretions, peristaltic action of intestines, normal bacteria flora, saliva

Question 22

Routes of Entry & Defense Mechanisms:

Respiratory tract

Answer 22

nasal hair, cilia, humidification, cough mechanism, secretions, and phagocytes

Question 23

Stages of infectious Disease

Answer 23

incubation 
prodromal
acute
convalescent
resolution

Question 24

the phase where the pathogen begins active replication. does not produce recognize symptoms within the host, length varies

Answer 24

incubation

Question 25

initial appearance of nonspecific symptoms. fever, headache, fatigue- most contagious

Answer 25

prodromal

Question 26

the period where the host experiences the maximum effect of the infection symptoms are very pronounce and specific

Answer 26

acute

Question 27

containment of the infections, progressive elimination of the pathogen, repairing of the issue

Answer 27

convelescent

Question 28

total elimination of the infection

Answer 28

resolution

Question 29

the outward expression of the struggle between invading organisms and the retaliatory inflammatory and immune responses of the host

Answer 29

symptoms

Question 30

reflect the site of infection (diarrhea)

Answer 30

specific

Question 31

can be shared by a number of infectious disease (fever)

Answer 31

nonspecific

Question 32

very obvious (chicken- pox)

Answer 32

obvious

Question 33

discreet, need further testing (lab work)

Answer 33

covert

Question 34

Labs for suspected infection include

Answer 34

CBC: (complete blood count/ bacteria vs. virus) Urinalysis: ( wbc, blood, bacteria/ characteristics) Blood: (lab values, cultures) Specimen Cultures: ( what it is)

Question 35

Concepts of antibiotic- resistant organisms include:

Answer 35

inactivation, mutation, alternate metabolism, and altered permeability

Question 36

became resistant to the antibiotic, methicillin which: inhibits the manufacture of the bacterial cell wall enzyme take peptides and link them together binds to these enzymes and shut down bacterial cell wall growth- die.

Answer 36

MRSA- Methicillin resistant staphaureus

Question 37

Antibiotics targets:

Answer 37

broad- spectrum cell wall protein synthesis metabolism

Question 38

Antivirals target

Answer 38

DNA- RNA

Question 39

Antifungals

Answer 39

cytoplasm