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Biology > Ch.7 Organells > Flashcards

Ch.7 Organells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the smallest living unit

A

The cell

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2
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Named the cell after the small compartments in corks that look like prison cells

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3
Q

Anton van Leewenhoek

A

Inventor of microscope
First to see and describe bacteria
Layered lenses

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4
Q

Light microscopes

  • Name of first lens
  • Name of second lens
A 
Allows light to pass through specimen
Uses 2 lenses to magnify
-objective lens
-ocular lens
Only can magnify up to 1000 times
Specimen can be alive
Can not see many parts of the cell clearly
Uses dyes
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5
Q

Cell theory

A

All plants and humans are made of cells
Cells can only be formed by existing ones dividing
Basic unit of structure and function

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6
Q

Electron microscopes

A

Sends a beam of electrons on to the specimen
Higher magnification
Can see all parts if the cell
Specimen must be dead

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7
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A 
Study internal structure of the cell
Goes through a this section of the cell
Black and white
On a screen
Up to 17,000 magnification
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8
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

3D
Specimen must be dead and cut very thin
Shows surface of the cell
Samples must be placed in a vacuums and covered with metal

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9
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

DNA is not enclosed
Small, simple
Bacteria cells
No organelles

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10
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

DNA is contained in a membrane, the nucleus
Human, animal, plant, fungi cells
Have specialized membrane bound organelles
Generally bigger than prokaryotes

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11
Q

Cilia

A

Hairs that grow off bacterial to help them move and move other things

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12
Q

Plasma membrane

A 
Has selective permeability
Phospholipids make up the membrane
-polar head, partly polar, partly non-polar
-bilayer
Strong and movable, doesn't break
Cholesterol embedded 
Phospholipids constantly moving back and forth
Lipids pass through easily
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13
Q

Selective permeability of the cell membrane

A

Allows a steady traffic of small molecules both ways
The cell absorbs oxygen and let’s out carbon dioxide
Only allows some things to cross
-permeability depends on the interaction of that molecule and the hydrophobic membrane. Hydrophobic molecules cross easily
Ions and polar molecules do not cross easily

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14
Q

Transport proteins

A

Assist the transport of ions and polar molecules across the membrane
Each a specific to the molecule that will move through it
Called facilitated diffusion
Made of polar molecules so polar molecules can move across

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15
Q

Diffusion

A

The tendency of molecules of any substance to spread out in available space
The movement is random
The substance will move from an area to a area of low concentration, independent of concentration of other substances

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16
Q

Ligasaccharides

A

Monosaccharides on outside of the cell, helps cells recognize other cells

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17
Q

Signal transduction

A

Message from blood that tells cell to do something

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18
Q

Intercellular joining

A

Connecting cells so things can pass between them

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19
Q

Other uses of protein in the cell membrane

A

Enzymic activity
Signal transduction
Cell-cell recognition and joining
Attachment to cytoskeleton

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20
Q

Passive transport

A

Requires no energy from the cell to make the diffusion across a membrane happen

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21
Q

Osmosis

  • hypertonic
  • hypotonic
  • isotonic
A

The passive transport (diffusion) of water across a semipermeable membrane
Continues until the solutions are isotonic
-the solution with higher concentration of solutes
-the solution with lower concentration of solutes
-solutions of solute with equal concentrations

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22
Q

Effects of hypo and hyper tonic

A

-more of a solute on one side will prevent water from diffusing, the water is attracted to the solute so does not feel th need to move.
Water mover from hypo to hypertonic.
-too much solute makes cell explode b/c it is overfilled with water
-too little will cause it to shrivel and die

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23
Q

Preferable condition for plant cells

  • Flaccid
  • Plasmolysis
A

Hypotonic, so they are rigid and strong, keeps the plant up.

  • The cell wall is isotonic (plant can wilt)
  • the cell has no pressure so it droops
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24
Q

The fluid mosaic model

A

The model that proposed that the membranes proteins are dispersed and individually inserted into the phospholipid bilayer

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25
Q

How does the steroid cholesterol help the membrane?

A

At high temps it restrains movement of phospholipids

At low temps it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing

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26
Q

The nucleus

A

Contains most of the DNA

Has a double membrane

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27
Q

Nuclear pores

A

When the double bilayers fuse leaving a very large opening for RNA to leave and enter the cell.

28
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

29
Q

Nucleolus

A

In the nucleus a region of densely stained chromatin. A lot of ribosomes condensed in the nuclear membrane

30
Q

RNA

A

Travels from nucleus to cytoplasm and combines to form ribosomes

31
Q

Ribosomes

A

Contain RNA and protein

Some are free in cytoplasm and some are bound to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum

32
Q

Endomembrane system

A

A system of membranes inside the cell

33
Q

Micro filaments

A

Cause the cell to divide by pulling the membranes together

34
Q

Process of releasing a enzyme from a cell

A
  • RNA copies the gene
  • RNA copies on to a ribosome and enzyme is made, the ribosome is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
  • goes through labyrinth in ER and pinches off the end so it is wrapped by a membrane
  • then goes through Golgi and has a sugar attached to it so they can be differentiated from each other
  • fuses with call membrane so it can be released.
35
Q

Endcytosis

A

Big things come into the cell, engulfed

Aka phagocytosis

36
Q

Exocytosis

A

Big things leave the cell by being “fused” out

37
Q

Smooth endoplasmic recticulum

A

Makes lipids and steroid hormones

Lacks ribosomes

38
Q

rRNA

A

Makes up a ribosome

39
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion if molecules across the phospholipid bilayer using proteins

40
Q

Water goes from?

A

Hypo to hyper

41
Q

Chemicals diffuse down….

A

Their own concentration gradient

42
Q

The heads in the phospholipids bilayer are…

A

Polar so they attract to the water inside and outside the cell

43
Q

Plasmolysis

A

When water is leaving the cell, the membrane shrinks and pressure is lost

44
Q

Go over labs

A

Now

45
Q

Flagella

A

A long, thin protein extending from the cell, helps the cell to moe around

45
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and associated proteins inside the nucleus

46
Q

Endoplasmic recticulum

A

Ribosomes attach to the outside and make the enzyme inside. The organelle that gives proteins their membrane, makes them into transport vesicles. Proteins travel through and pull off the end creating a membrane around themselves.

47
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Attaches sugars to the transport vesicles so they know where in (or out) of the cell they should go. To tell enzymes apart.

48
Q

Vacuoles

  • Food vacuoles
  • Contractile vacuoles
  • Central vacuoles
A

Membrane bound sacs within the cell

  • from endocytosis, fuse with lysosomes
  • pumps excess water out of cell
  • water pocket, stores pigments, strong defense
49
Q

Lysosomes

A

A membrane bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules. The lysosomes membrane fuses with the food vacuoles’ and then the enzymes are released to break down the macromolecule.

50
Q

Recycling of organelles

A

The lysosomes can fuse with a broken organelle then decompose and recompose the parts of it

51
Q

Mitochondria

A

The cites of cellular respiration takes oxygen which reacts with sugar to make CO2 and water
Small amount of DNA

52
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis
Make oxygen and synthesize glucose from sugar and CO2
Small amount of DNA
Converts energy of sun into energy of sugar
A plastid
Found in leaves and other green structures

53
Q

Cristae

A

Mitochondrias highly folded inner membrane

54
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

Inner membrane encloses it, a fluid filled space with DNA ribosomes and enzymes

55
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The green pigment in chloroplasts

56
Q

(Chloroplasts)
Stroma
Thylakoids
Grana

A

Inside membrane, fluid filled space

Flattened Sacs critical for converting light into energy, stacked into grana

57
Q

Chloroplasts and mitochondria:

  • How they work together
  • similarities
A
  • chloroplasts make glucose and oxygen, the mitochondria takes oxygen which reacts with sugar to make CO2 and water, chloroplasts use these to make oxygen!
  • reproduce by pinching in 2, mobile, move along tracks of cytoskeleton
58
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of fibers in the cytoplasm
Provide structure for the cell
Made of protein
Moves cell (endocytosis and cell division)
Anchors many cells
Moves chromasomes
Scaffolding made of proteins inside the cell

59
Q

Micro filaments

Micro tubules

A

-biggest part of cytoskeleton, pulls chromosomes
-smallest part of cytoskeleton, pinches membrane
Both are the main types of fibs in the cytoskeleton

60
Q

Centrioles

A

Animals have 2
Made of micro tubules
During mitosis they replicate
Protein elongates from them to pull chromosomes

61
Q

Cell wall

A

Supports plants against gravity
Rigged, outside the membrane, in plants
Made if cellulose

62
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Area outside cell
Strong thanks to proteins in it
Mainly made of collagen fibers

63
Q

4 categories of tissues

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscle tissue

64
Q

Levels of organization inside human body

A

Cell,
Tissue,
Organ,
Organ system

Biology (10 decks)

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