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Biology > Ch. 17 Evolution > Flashcards

Ch. 17 Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Do organisms evolve

A

NO. Populations do

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2
Q

Population

A

An localized group if individuals that belong to the same species

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3
Q

Microevolution

A

Evolution within a population

Change of allele frequencies within a population

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4
Q

Gene pool

A

The total selection of genes (not individuals) in a population

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5
Q

Hardy Weinberg theorem

A

Describes a non evolving population
The frequencies of alleles and genotypes in populations will remain constant until acted upon aka Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

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6
Q

Genetic equilibrium

A

When the gene frequencies stay the same forever

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7
Q

Hardy Weinberg equation

A

p^2+2(pq)+q^2=1

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8
Q

Causes of micro evolution (what affects the allele frequencies)

If these are present…

A 
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Gene flow
Mutation
Non random mating
- if these are present then the population is not at genetic equilibrium
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9
Q

To be at hardy Weinberg equilibrium populations must…

A 
Be large
No migrations
No mutations
Random mating
No natural selection
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10
Q

Genetic drift

-types

A

Small populations make it easier for the frequencies to “drift”. With only a few organisms it is more likely for one to be completely left out

  • bottleneck
  • founders effect
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11
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

The number of organisms in a population is drastically reduced. So only the alleles of the organisms who are left survive, this means some can be completely left out.

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12
Q

Founders affect

A

When some organisms settle a new area then only their genes are passed on to the population of that area, if they do not represent the gene pool of the larger source population then the frequencies here will be different and maybe more limited.

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13
Q

How do migrations effect a population?

A

If organisms are moving in and out then the allele frequencies will change.

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14
Q

Behavioral adaptions

A

Adaptions that effect the behavior of organisms
Causes them to behave a certain way…
Ex. Schools of fish
Penguins sitting on their eggs

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15
Q

Types/ effects of natural selection

A

Stabilizing
Directional
Disruptive
Sexual

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16
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Individuals with average trait are more fit and extremes are not so curve gets skinnier
Ex. Plant height
Birth weight

17
Q

Directional selection

A

One extreme is good the other is bad so the graph moves (toward the good trait)
Ex. Peppered moths

18
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Both extremes are at an advantage but the average trait does well
Graph rises at both ends and sinks in the middle ^-^

19
Q

Sexual selection

A

Males and females exhibit different traits
Ex. Male peacocks need to be bright to attract a mate
BUT females must be drab so they do not draw predators to their kids

20
Q

Species

A

A population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with each other in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring

21
Q

Prezygotic barrier

A

Barriers that prevent a zygote from forming

Either prevent mating or prevent fertilization

22
Q

Post zygotes barriers

A

Barriers that prevent a zygote form growing and reproducing

23
Q

Macro evolution

A

Evolution of one species into two or creation of a new species

24
Q

Types of Prezygotic barriers

A 
Temporal isolation
Habitat
Behavioral isolation 
Mechanical isolation
Gamete isolation
25
Q

Habitat isolation

A

Two organisms with different habitats are unlikely to encounter each other and then reproduce

26
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

2 species don’t like the others behavior so won’t reproduce with them
Ex. Bird songs

27
Q

Temporal isolation

A

2 species that breed at different times of day, different seasons, or different years do not mix

28
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

2 species that are anatomically incomparable can not mate (the sexual organs don’t fit)

29
Q

Gamete isolation

A

The sperm of one species doesn’t fuse with the egg of another so a zygote can not be formed

30
Q

Types of postzygotic barriers

A

Reduced hybrid viability
Reduced hybrid fertility
Hybrid breakdown

31
Q

Reduced hybrid viability

A

The zygote fails to grow and dies

32
Q

Reduced hybrid fertility

A

The zygote lives but is unable to reproduce (sterile)

33
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

First generation hybrids may be viable but the next generation is sterile

34
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Speciation happens because of a geographical barrier

35
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

New Species arise in the same location

EX. An offspring of a plant is mutated and is no longer able to reproduce with its parents but is able to self pollinate

Biology (10 decks)

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