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Ch.13 RNA Flashcards

1
Q

Why doesn’t DNA just go into the cytoplasm?

A

The ribosomes would make all the proteins on every gene then there would b an imbalance and the cell would die.

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2
Q

Protein synthesis takes place…

A

On the ribosome

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3
Q

A nucleotide is a monomer of a_______ which makes up a ______

A

Nucleic acid, Rna

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4
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

A nitrogen base, pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

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5
Q

Uracil and thymine

A

Uracil: A RNA base that replaces thymine and bonds with adenine
Both 1 ringed, pyrimidines
The side that bonds with adenine is the same on both

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6
Q

RNA vs. DNA

A

Both are nucleic acids, have phosphate group, nitrogenous bases and 5 carbon sugar
RNA has ribose sugar DNA has deoxyribose sugar
-same sugar but DNA’s is missing an oxygen
RNA has uracil where DNA has thymine
RNA single stranded, DNA double stranded

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7
Q

Transcription

A

The making of RNA from dna

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8
Q

All RNA are made

A

The same way

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9
Q

What are the four types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
snRNA

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10
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger, carries message of genetic code aka how to make orotein

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11
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal, makes up a ribosome, wraps around the large and small subunit

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12
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Separates the DNA strands at the appropriate point and bonds the RNA nucleotides as they base pair along the DNA template
-untwists the DNA and the DNA retwists itself after RNA polymerase moves on

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13
Q

Promoter

A

A sequence of bases where the RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

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14
Q

Terminator

A

Sequence of bases where RNA polymerase falls off

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15
Q

Initiation

A

The methionine amino acid, AUG, which tells the RNA polymerase to begin

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16
Q

snRNA

A

Edits out introns leaving eons to become the RNA
Places a cap on the end, then adenine tail attached
Small nuclear, edits RNA

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17
Q

Cap

A

Placed on gene by snRNA
Made of a guanine with a methanol group
Helps the gene attach to a ribosome

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18
Q

RNA synthesis (the whole process)

A

RNA polymerase separates the two strands of DNA and copies one gene by making a chain of complementary bases
After the RNA codes for a protein it disintegrates and the RNA bases are reused

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19
Q

Codon

A

A group of three bases that codes for one tRNA which holds one amino acid

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20
Q

How much of the code on DNA is actually used

A

1% because the rest are introns and are removed

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21
Q

processing

A

When the cap and 100-150 long adenine tail is added

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22
Q

300 nucleotides is how many amino acids

A

100

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23
Q

how are ribosomes made?

A

Ribosomal protein is made On a ribosome that’s in the nucleus
Then wrapped by rRNA (the nucleolus)

Large and small proteins used creating a large and small subunit

24
Q

Aug

A

The codon for methionine or the start of translation

25
Transfer RNA aka tRNA
Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome | Has amino acid on one side and anti codon on the other
26
Anti codon
The sequence on tRNA which is the complementary bases of RNA, the genetic code
27
How many tRNAs per ribosome
2
28
Protein synthesis
Two tRNAs come to the ribosome this space is small enough that the amino acids are forced to form PEPTIDE bonds The first tRNA falls off (but the amino acid stays bonded to the second one) the second one moves over and a new one joins this repeats until a stop codon
29
P site
The site where the protein is growing
30
A site
Where the new tRNA foes
31
What is produced every time two amino acids bond
A peptide bond which produces an amino acid
32
Where is the genetic code written
On mRNA
33
Review vocab in textbook
Pg. 652-653
34
Mutation
When a cell makes a mistake copying its own DNA
35
Different types of mutations
Base pair substitution Insertion Deletion
36
Gene mutations
Mutations that only effect a single gene
37
Chromosomal mutations
Mutations that produce changes in the whole chromosome/ cell
38
Point mutations Ex.
A mutation where a single base pair in DNA has been switched (gene mutation) Substitutions
39
Base pair Substitution
One base is changed for a different one | With effect one amino acid or have no effect
40
Deletion and insertion
One base is added or removed Dramatic effect because every sequence after the mutation is changed. Since the code is read in threes every codon will be off by one
41
Frame shift mutation
Mutations that effect the "reading frame" of the genetic code
42
Silent mutations
Same amino acid produced due to redundancy on the code Or switch in amino acid but they have similar properties so the effect is minimal Or mutation occurs in a location not very important to the function of the protein CAUSES NO CHANGE ON FUNCTION OF PROTEIN
43
Missense
New/ wrong amino acid due to a mutation
44
Nonsense
A premature stop codon that ends RNA early
45
Polyploidy
Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
46
How are mutations formed
Mistake by RNA polymerase, DNA replication or outside substance, mutagen like the sun or smoking
47
Mutagens
Chemical & physical agents in the environment that interact with DNA and cause a mutation
48
Gene expression
How genes are able to regulate the making of a protein/ gene
49
Francois Jacob and Jacques Mound
showed how bacteria controlled gene expression
50
How do cells regulate stoping making an amino acid when some has been introduced
A inactive repressor protein sits in the cytoplasm It is activated by the presence of the amino acid When activated it attaches to the operator sequence and stops RNA polymerase from attaching and therefore creating the gene
51
How does the cell activate the making of an enzyme
A repressor always binds to the operator When the substance is present in the cell it attaches to the repressor and makes it inactive This allows RNA polymerase to copy the gene that codes for the enzyme to break down the substance After all the substance has been broken down the repressor is free and active and can again bind to the operator causing a halt in production of the gene
52
Operon
Promoter, operator, gene a d terminator sequence
53
Promoter
The area before a gene where RNA polymerase binds
54
Operator
After the promoter and before the gene | Where repressors can bomd
55
Repressible opperon
Operon that is prevented when a specific molecule binds to a protein
56
Inducible opperon
Works when a specific molecule interacts with a protein

Biology (10 decks)

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