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Biology > Ch.13 RNA > Flashcards

Ch.13 RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

Why doesn’t DNA just go into the cytoplasm?

A

The ribosomes would make all the proteins on every gene then there would b an imbalance and the cell would die.

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2
Q

Protein synthesis takes place…

A

On the ribosome

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3
Q

A nucleotide is a monomer of a_______ which makes up a ______

A

Nucleic acid, Rna

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4
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

A nitrogen base, pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

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5
Q

Uracil and thymine

A

Uracil: A RNA base that replaces thymine and bonds with adenine
Both 1 ringed, pyrimidines
The side that bonds with adenine is the same on both

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6
Q

RNA vs. DNA

A

Both are nucleic acids, have phosphate group, nitrogenous bases and 5 carbon sugar
RNA has ribose sugar DNA has deoxyribose sugar
-same sugar but DNA’s is missing an oxygen
RNA has uracil where DNA has thymine
RNA single stranded, DNA double stranded

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7
Q

Transcription

A

The making of RNA from dna

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8
Q

All RNA are made

A

The same way

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9
Q

What are the four types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
snRNA

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10
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger, carries message of genetic code aka how to make orotein

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11
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal, makes up a ribosome, wraps around the large and small subunit

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12
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Separates the DNA strands at the appropriate point and bonds the RNA nucleotides as they base pair along the DNA template
-untwists the DNA and the DNA retwists itself after RNA polymerase moves on

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13
Q

Promoter

A

A sequence of bases where the RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

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14
Q

Terminator

A

Sequence of bases where RNA polymerase falls off

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15
Q

Initiation

A

The methionine amino acid, AUG, which tells the RNA polymerase to begin

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16
Q

snRNA

A

Edits out introns leaving eons to become the RNA
Places a cap on the end, then adenine tail attached
Small nuclear, edits RNA

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17
Q

Cap

A

Placed on gene by snRNA
Made of a guanine with a methanol group
Helps the gene attach to a ribosome

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18
Q

RNA synthesis (the whole process)

A

RNA polymerase separates the two strands of DNA and copies one gene by making a chain of complementary bases
After the RNA codes for a protein it disintegrates and the RNA bases are reused

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19
Q

Codon

A

A group of three bases that codes for one tRNA which holds one amino acid

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20
Q

How much of the code on DNA is actually used

A

1% because the rest are introns and are removed

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21
Q

processing

A

When the cap and 100-150 long adenine tail is added

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22
Q

300 nucleotides is how many amino acids

A

100

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23
Q

how are ribosomes made?

A

Ribosomal protein is made On a ribosome that’s in the nucleus
Then wrapped by rRNA (the nucleolus)

Large and small proteins used creating a large and small subunit

24
Q

Aug

A

The codon for methionine or the start of translation

25
Q

Transfer RNA aka tRNA

A

Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome

Has amino acid on one side and anti codon on the other

26
Q

Anti codon

A

The sequence on tRNA which is the complementary bases of RNA, the genetic code

27
Q

How many tRNAs per ribosome

A

2

28
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Two tRNAs come to the ribosome this space is small enough that the amino acids are forced to form PEPTIDE bonds
The first tRNA falls off (but the amino acid stays bonded to the second one) the second one moves over and a new one joins this repeats until a stop codon

29
Q

P site

A

The site where the protein is growing

30
Q

A site

A

Where the new tRNA foes

31
Q

What is produced every time two amino acids bond

A

A peptide bond which produces an amino acid

32
Q

Where is the genetic code written

A

On mRNA

33
Q

Review vocab in textbook

A

Pg. 652-653

34
Q

Mutation

A

When a cell makes a mistake copying its own DNA

35
Q

Different types of mutations

A

Base pair substitution
Insertion
Deletion

36
Q

Gene mutations

A

Mutations that only effect a single gene

37
Q

Chromosomal mutations

A

Mutations that produce changes in the whole chromosome/ cell

38
Q

Point mutations

Ex.

A

A mutation where a single base pair in DNA has been switched (gene mutation)

Substitutions

39
Q

Base pair Substitution

A

One base is changed for a different one

With effect one amino acid or have no effect

40
Q

Deletion and insertion

A

One base is added or removed
Dramatic effect because every sequence after the mutation is changed. Since the code is read in threes every codon will be off by one

41
Q

Frame shift mutation

A

Mutations that effect the “reading frame” of the genetic code

42
Q

Silent mutations

A

Same amino acid produced due to redundancy on the code
Or switch in amino acid but they have similar properties so the effect is minimal
Or mutation occurs in a location not very important to the function of the protein
CAUSES NO CHANGE ON FUNCTION OF PROTEIN

43
Q

Missense

A

New/ wrong amino acid due to a mutation

44
Q

Nonsense

A

A premature stop codon that ends RNA early

45
Q

Polyploidy

A

Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

46
Q

How are mutations formed

A

Mistake by RNA polymerase, DNA replication or outside substance, mutagen like the sun or smoking

47
Q

Mutagens

A

Chemical & physical agents in the environment that interact with DNA and cause a mutation

48
Q

Gene expression

A

How genes are able to regulate the making of a protein/ gene

49
Q

Francois Jacob and Jacques Mound

A

showed how bacteria controlled gene expression

50
Q

How do cells regulate stoping making an amino acid when some has been introduced

A

A inactive repressor protein sits in the cytoplasm
It is activated by the presence of the amino acid
When activated it attaches to the operator sequence and stops RNA polymerase from attaching and therefore creating the gene

51
Q

How does the cell activate the making of an enzyme

A

A repressor always binds to the operator
When the substance is present in the cell it attaches to the repressor and makes it inactive
This allows RNA polymerase to copy the gene that codes for the enzyme to break down the substance
After all the substance has been broken down the repressor is free and active and can again bind to the operator causing a halt in production of the gene

52
Q

Operon

A

Promoter, operator, gene a d terminator sequence

53
Q

Promoter

A

The area before a gene where RNA polymerase binds

54
Q

Operator

A

After the promoter and before the gene

Where repressors can bomd

55
Q

Repressible opperon

A

Operon that is prevented when a specific molecule binds to a protein

56
Q

Inducible opperon

A

Works when a specific molecule interacts with a protein

Biology (10 decks)

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