Ch7 - Memory Types

Question 1

Divers tested underwater vs on land

description + key findings

Answer 1

divers were taught material on land or underwater and tested in either environment

• divers tested in the same environment they learned in performed better

Question 2

what happened when participants were asked to imagine the room in which they learned content, before taking a test in a different room?

Answer 2

they performed just as well as those tested in the same room they learnt in

Question 3

Encoding specificity

description + example

Answer 3

stimuli are remembered together with their context

eg: given the phrase “the man lifted the piano” participants remember –> piano = heavy

Question 4

What are the two basic methods for retrieving information through memory?

Answer 4

Recall or
Recognition

Question 5

Classifying long term memory

categories + brief description

Answer 5

Explicit (conscious)
- Episodic (events that happened to you)
- Semantic (general world knowledge)

Implicit (unconscious)
- Priming (exposure to stimuli impacting future perception)
- Procedural (eg: motor skills)

Question 6

Memory Network

describe the theory + key terms

Answer 6

memory is a vast network of ideas represented as nodes connected via associations/links

Question 7

memory

Spreading Activation

how does this theory function

Answer 7

when a node is activated, it transmits a signal to other nearby nodes

this signal can activate these other nodes (by reaching their response threshold) or just increase their activation level

a process called summation is when multiple nearby inputs add together to activate a node

eg: apple activates nodes like ‘fruit’ and ‘food’, farm activates in summation with apple to activate the node ‘Chudleighs apple farm’

Question 8

Semantic Priming

description + study showing this effect

Answer 8

a specific prior event produces a state of readiness which can help retrieval soon after

lexical-decision task
- asked to identity if a letter sequence = a word
- those presented related words had a faster response time

Question 9

What are we required to do for memory recall?

Answer 9

memory search which depends heavily on *memory connections

Question 10

What do we use the most during recognition tests?

Answer 10

sense of familiarity

Question 11

Remember vs Know

meaning (in context of memory) + brain activation + key point

Answer 11

Remember: can place the context/find the memory relating to the stimulus
- heightened activity in the hippocampus

Know: have a sense of familiarity when viewing the stimulus
- heightened activity in the rhinal cortex

they are independent from eachother (can have one without the other)

Question 12

what type of testing is used to reveal explicit vs implicit memory?

Answer 12

Explicit memory: direct memory testing
- tests urge participants to remember the past

Implicit memory: indirect memory testing
- tests observe how participant behaviour is influenced by prior events that they are not aware of (eg: priming with a flash of a word)

Question 13

False fame study

description + key findings

Answer 13

participants asked to pronounce a list of names. then given a new list of names with made up names from the pronunciation task and real famous names. asked to say whether the name was a famous person or not either: immediately after pronunciation or after 24hr delay.

• immediate test: did not believe the made up names they had seen before were famous people
• delayed test: believed more made up names they had seen before were famous names

Question 14

List 3 phenomena which show the flaws in implicit memory

Answer 14

1. False Fame
2. Illusion of Truth
3. Source Confusion

Question 15

Illusion of truth study

description + key findings

Answer 15

Participants given a list of facts, some false and some true. Then given a new list of ‘facts’, some previously seen and some new, and asked to rate their credibility.

• believed the familiar ‘facts’ were more credible

Question 16

Source Confusion study

description + key findings

Answer 16

participants witnessed a staged crime. later, were shown mug shots of individuals who weren’t involved in the crime. even later, were shown a line up also including the fake criminals.

• participants were likely to believe a person in the mug shots was the criminal, even though they were never at the fake crime

Question 17

Loud boat horn paired with flashing light study

description + patient types + findings

Answer 17

loud boat horn presented with a blue light. participants asked to name which light predicted the horn, fear response to the blue light was also measured.

• control: recognized blue light = horn, exhibited fear response to blue light
• hippocampus damage: fear response to blue light but could not report that blue light = horn
• amygdala damage: recognized blue light = horn but did not exhibit fear response

Question 18

2 broad types of amnesia

types + brief description

Answer 18

retrograde amnesia: can’t recall events immediately prior to onset of amnesia

anterograde amnesia: can’t recall events after onset

Question 19

4 types of memory impairment

type of memory damaged + key feature + example

Answer 19

impaired episodic m. –> Korsakoff’s syndrome
- eg: remember love for their wife, can’t remember events in a movie
impaired semantic m. –> N/A
- eg: remember wedding day, can’t remember common words, famous people…
impaired explicit m. –> hippocampal damage
- remember fear responses, can’t label the source of fear
impaired implicit m. –> amygdala damage
- remember the source of fear, impaired fear response