Ch7 - Memory Types Flashcards
Divers tested underwater vs on land
description + key findings
divers were taught material on land or underwater and tested in either environment
- divers tested in the same environment they learned in performed better
what happened when participants were asked to imagine the room in which they learned content, before taking a test in a different room?
they performed just as well as those tested in the same room they learnt in
Encoding specificity
description + example
stimuli are remembered together with their context
eg: given the phrase “the man lifted the piano” participants remember –> piano = heavy
What are the two basic methods for retrieving information through memory?
Recall or
Recognition
Classifying long term memory
categories + brief description
Explicit (conscious)
- Episodic (events that happened to you)
- Semantic (general world knowledge)
Implicit (unconscious)
- Priming (exposure to stimuli impacting future perception)
- Procedural (eg: motor skills)
Memory Network
describe the theory + key terms
memory is a vast network of ideas represented as nodes connected via associations/links
memory
Spreading Activation
how does this theory function
when a node is activated, it transmits a signal to other nearby nodes
this signal can activate these other nodes (by reaching their response threshold) or just increase their activation level
a process called summation is when multiple nearby inputs add together to activate a node
eg: apple activates nodes like ‘fruit’ and ‘food’, farm activates in summation with apple to activate the node ‘Chudleighs apple farm’
Semantic Priming
description + study showing this effect
a specific prior event produces a state of readiness which can help retrieval soon after
lexical-decision task
- asked to identity if a letter sequence = a word
- those presented related words had a faster response time
What are we required to do for memory recall?
memory search which depends heavily on *memory connections
What do we use the most during recognition tests?
sense of familiarity
Remember vs Know
meaning (in context of memory) + brain activation + key point
Remember: can place the context/find the memory relating to the stimulus
- heightened activity in the hippocampus
Know: have a sense of familiarity when viewing the stimulus
- heightened activity in the rhinal cortex
they are independent from eachother (can have one without the other)
what type of testing is used to reveal explicit vs implicit memory?
Explicit memory: direct memory testing
- tests urge participants to remember the past
Implicit memory: indirect memory testing
- tests observe how participant behaviour is influenced by prior events that they are not aware of (eg: priming with a flash of a word)
False fame study
description + key findings
participants asked to pronounce a list of names. then given a new list of names with made up names from the pronunciation task and real famous names. asked to say whether the name was a famous person or not either: immediately after pronunciation or after 24hr delay.
- immediate test: did not believe the made up names they had seen before were famous people
- delayed test: believed more made up names they had seen before were famous names
List 3 phenomena which show the flaws in implicit memory
- False Fame
- Illusion of Truth
- Source Confusion
Illusion of truth study
description + key findings
Participants given a list of facts, some false and some true. Then given a new list of ‘facts’, some previously seen and some new, and asked to rate their credibility.
- believed the familiar ‘facts’ were more credible
Source Confusion study
description + key findings
participants witnessed a staged crime. later, were shown mug shots of individuals who weren’t involved in the crime. even later, were shown a line up also including the fake criminals.
- participants were likely to believe a person in the mug shots was the criminal, even though they were never at the fake crime
Loud boat horn paired with flashing light study
description + patient types + findings
loud boat horn presented with a blue light. participants asked to name which light predicted the horn, fear response to the blue light was also measured.
- control: recognized blue light = horn, exhibited fear response to blue light
- hippocampus damage: fear response to blue light but could not report that blue light = horn
- amygdala damage: recognized blue light = horn but did not exhibit fear response
2 broad types of amnesia
types + brief description
retrograde amnesia: can’t recall events immediately prior to onset of amnesia
anterograde amnesia: can’t recall events after onset
4 types of memory impairment
type of memory damaged + key feature + example
impaired episodic m. –> Korsakoff’s syndrome
- eg: remember love for their wife, can’t remember events in a movie
impaired semantic m. –> N/A
- eg: remember wedding day, can’t remember common words, famous people…
impaired explicit m. –> hippocampal damage
- remember fear responses, can’t label the source of fear
impaired implicit m. –> amygdala damage
- remember the source of fear, impaired fear response
