Ch2 - Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Capgras Syndrome
symptoms + cause + diagnosis technique
believe loved ones have been replaced with impostors
emotional appraisal is absent when recognizing loved ones due to damage in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex
fMRI (functional imaging) typically used for diagnosis
How do we recognize faces?
two part explanation
1. Cognitive appraisal: facial identification, smell, voice…
2. Emotional appraisal: feeling of familiarity, love…
Case study: Phineas Gage
cause + symptoms
Hindbrain
location + label diagram 1 + basic structures and their purpose
Top of the spinal cord (brainstem)
- controls key life functions
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla
Midbrain
location + label diagram 1 + purpose(s)
Topmost part of the brainstem - connects it to the brain
Purposes:
- coordinating precise eye movement
- relaying auditory info from ears to forebrain
- regulating pain experiences
Forebrain (basic anatomy)
location + 2 main sections and their features
Cortex (outer portion): comprised of gyri (bumps) and sulci (grooves) also known as convolutions (wrinkles)
Subcortical structures (inner portion): hidden structures, includic a set called the limbic system
Lobes of the cortex
label diagram 2
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
The limbic system
label diagram 3
- !Thalamus
- !Hypothalamus
- !Amygdala
- !Hippocampus
- Fornix
- Mamillary body
- Cingulate cortex/gyrus
! most important structures to know
Lateralization
definition + label dividing structure
when certain brain functions are localized to one side of the brain
longitudinal fissure
Split-brain patients
damaged area(s) + some effects
damaged corpus callosum
commisures
description + label key commisure(s)
structures connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain
corpus callosum is the largest, most notable commisure
Motor area
label diagram 5 + their purpose
primary motor projection area
- signals going out to muscles
CT scan
imaging type + method + benefit and drawback
structural imaging technique
takes XY images of ‘slices’ of the brain
- inexpensive and fast
- low resolution images
Magnetic Resonace Imaging (MRI)
imaging type + method + benefit and drawback
structural imaging technique
magnetic fields align H atoms to localize tissues
- higher resolution (identify specific structures)
- time consuming and expensive
Positron Emission Topography (PET)
imaging type + method + benefit and drawback
functional imaging technique
inject tracer substance (eg: radioactive glucose), scan tracks the tissues using the most tracer substance (using the most energy)
- determines regions with high activity
- injection is invasive
Functional MRI (fMRI)
imaging type + method + benefit and drawback
functional imaging technique
measures blood oxygen levels in the brain
- determine regions of high activity
- time delay in O2 spike
Electroencephalogram
imaging type + method + benefit and drawback
functional imaging technique
records electrical activity of neurons through electrodes on the scalp
- highly time sensitive (great for sleep studies…)
- can’t determine exact location of activity
Sensory areas
label diagram 5 + their purpose
all called primary sensory projection areas:
- input coming in from senses
primary somatosensory projection area
- skin senses
primary auditory cortex
- hearing input
primary visual cortex
- visual input
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
description + purpose
causes temporary lesions in the brain, disrupts brain activity using electromagnetic coil
- can be used to treat addiction, depression…
