Ch12 - Judgement & Reasoning

Question 1

somatic markers

Answer 1

memories of our emotional response to an experience which can influence our opinion of the experience

eg: somatic marker of contentment on the concept of mcdonalds because you feel happier after eating there, regardless of how beneficial eating there logically is

Question 2

affective forecasting

Answer 2

predictions of our own emotions and how long they will last

• we can easily predict if our reaction will be positive or negative
• we tend to predict that the emotional response will last longer than it does in reality

Question 3

dual process model

description

Answer 3

there are 2 types of thinking we can apply:

type 1: fast and easy/automatic thinking, prone to error
type 2: slow and effortful thinking

Question 4

Type 1 thinking heuristics

list

Answer 4

1. availability heuristic
2. representativeness heuristic (gambler’s fallacy)

Question 5

availability heuristic

description + example

Answer 5

when we judge something based on the how easily we can think of examples (frequency with which we’ve seen or heard of something)

eg: judging how often planes crash –> you’ve read plenty of news articles about planes crashing –> you can easily think of examples of plane crashes –> plane crashes must be frequent

Question 6

representativeness heuristic

Answer 6

evaluating something based on how well it matches our schema/stereotypes…

eg: you think fitness instructors are almost always men –> you see a woman at the gym –> she must be a student, not your fitness instructor

gambler’s fallacy: believing that your experiences should match overall probability

eg: you’ve flipped heads 4 times so the next flip should be tails to get the overall distribution closer to 50/50

Question 7

base rate information

Answer 7

information about how frequently something occurs in general

eg: 70% of people recover from the common cold without any treatment

Question 8

what increases the likelihood we will use type 1 or type 2 thinking?

Answer 8

type 1:
- time pressure
- distractions

type 2
- decision naturally requires effort
- ability to focus attention
- more education

Question 9

confirmation bias

Answer 9

the tendency to seek out information that confirms previous beliefs