ch6 Flashcards
Cartiliage
a semirigid connective tissue that is weaker than bone, but more flexible/resilient.
chloroplasts
cells that produce the matrix of cartilage
chondrocytes and function
chloroplasts once they become encased within the matrix that they produces and secreted. they occupy lacunae and make sure that the cartilage remains healthy.
lacunae
small space, cavity, or depression. occupied by chondrocytes
is mature cartilage vascular or avascular
avascular so nutrients must diffuse thru matrix
three dif types of cartilage
hyalin, elastic, and fibrocartilage
functions of cartilage
supporting tissues
providing gliding surfaces are articulations
providing model for bone formation in embryos
what types of tissues do bones contain
these contain all tissue types
bone connective tissue
primary component of bones. matrix is sturdy and rigid due to calcification
calcification
mineralization. deposition of minerals in the matrix
functions of bone
support and protection
movement
hematopoiesis
storage of mineral and energy reserves
how do bones support and protect
provide structural support/framework for body
protect tissues and organs
how do bones support movement
serve as attachment site for muscles/tissues/organs
act as system of levers that move when muscles contract
hematopoiesis and where does in occur
the process of producing formed elements in the blood. occurs in red bone marrow.
red bone marrow and location
contains stem cells that form blood cells and platelets.
kids: located in some spongy bone and the medullary cavity of most bones of the body
adults: located in spongy bone in only few portions of the axial skeleton like flat bones of skull, vertebra, ribs, sternum, and hip bones. also in primal epiphysis of each humerus and femur
yellow bone marrow
what red marrow turns into when it degenerates. a fatty tissue.
how do bones store mineral and energy reserves
they store more than 90% of bodys calcium and phosphate. when one of those is needed, some bone tissue is broken down and those minerals are released into the blood.
store potential energy in the form of lipids in yellow bone marrow, in the shafts of adult bones
four classes of bone as determined by shape
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
long bones and where do they occur
greater length and width than other bone.
elongated cylindrical shaft.
upper limbs(arm, forearm, palm, fingers)
lower limbs(thigh, leg, sole of foot, toes)
short bones and where are they located
length about equals width. external surface covered by compact bone and interior is spongy bone.
carpals, tarsals, sesamoid bones
sesamoid bones
tiny seedshaped bones along the tendons of some muscles. type of short bone. patella is largest sesamoid bone
flat bones and where tehy are
flat, thin surfaces. composed of paralel surfaces of compact bone w layer of internal spngy bone.
provide surfaces for muscle attachment and protect underlying tissue. roof of skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs
irregular bones
complex shaped that dont fit into other categories. compact bone covering internal spongy bone.
vertebrae, coxae, many bones in skull like eithmoid and sphenoid
what parts does a typical long bone contain
DIAPHYSIS
EPIPHYSIS
METAPHYSIS
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
MEDULLARY CAVITY
ENDOSTEUM
PERIOSTEUM
PERFORATING FIBERS
diaphysis and function
principle feature of long bone. elongated, cylindrical shaft
provides leverage and major weight support
epiphysis and function
expanded knobby region at end of long bones. composed of outer layer of compact, inner layer spongy bone.
enlarged to make joint stronger and provide more surface area for articulation/tendon/ligament attachement.
proximal vs distal epiphysis
end of bone closest to trunk vs end of bone farthest from trunk
metaphysis, and its function
section of long bone between epiphysis and diaphysis
transfers forces between dia and epi
epiphyseal plate vs epiphyseal line
in metaphysis
plate is in a growing bone. thin layers of hyalin cart that allows lengthwise growth of diaphysis.
line is a thin layer of compact bone that is a remnant of the plate
articular cartilage and function
thin layer of hyalin cartilage covering epiphysis at a joint surface
absorbs shock and friction in mving jionts
medullary cavity
hollow, cylindrical space withing diaphysis. constains yellow bone marrow in adults
endosteum, what it contains, and function
incomplete layer of cells that covers internal surface of bone. lines medullary cavities
contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.
active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling
periosteum, what is it formed/anchored by, and function
tough sheath on outer surface of bone, other than those covered by articular cartilage.
formed by dense irregular conn tiss and consists of outer fibrous layer and inner cellular. anchored to bone by perforating fibers.
protects bone from surrounding structures, anchors blood vessels and nerves to surface of bone, provides stem cells for growth in width and fracture repair
four types of cells in bone tissue
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoplasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
osteoprogenitor cells and their location
stem cells derived from mesenchyme. produce a committed cell when combined that matures to become an osteoblast.
located in periosteum and endosteum
osteoblasts and their function
formed from osteoprogenitor stem cells.
exhibit cuboidal structure and secrete a semisolid form of bone matrix called osteoid. osteoids calcify and harden.
osteoblasts produce new bone and when they become trapped in the matrix they produce and secreted, they become osteocytes
osteocytes and function
mature bone cells that are trapped in the matrix they created. live in small spaces called lacunae.
maintain bone matrix and detect stress on bone. communicate this to osteoblasts which may result in deposition of new bone matrix at surface
osteoclasts, what are they mde from, located, and what is their function
large, multinuclear, phagotyc cells. have ruffled surface where they touch bone which increases surface area touching it.
derived from fused bone marry cells
located in a depression pit on bone surface called a resorption lacuna.
they are used for bone absorption
bone absorption
osteoclasts secrete hydrochloric acid dissolving minerals in the bone matrix while lysosomes in the osteoclast secrete enzyms that absorb the bone matrix. this releases calcium and phosphate
osteolysis
the release of stored calcium and phosphate from bone matrix during bone resorption which then enters tissues and blood
what effects osteoblast and osteoclast activity
hormonal levels
bodys need for calcium and phosphorus
gravitational and mechanic stressors to the bone
ex. when wearing braces they work together to modify the toothjaw junction.
what makes up bone matrix
organic and nonorganic components. 1/3 composed of osteoids including cells, colagen fibers, and ground substance.
collagen gives tensile strength and flexibility
inorganic (mostly calcium phosphate) provides compressional strength
what do calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide form in the bone matrix
hydroxyapatite crystals.
the deposit around colagen and harden the extracellular matrix. also incorporate salts like calcium carbonate, and ions like sodium, magnesium sulfate, and fluoride during calcification
spongy vs compact bone
both make up most of bones in body.
compact solid, dense. forms solid external bones of long bone
spongy porous. located internally in soft bone within epiphyses. forms on trabeculae. in flat bone of skull it is sandwhiched btwn 2 layers of compact bone
trabeculae
a small piece of the spongy substance of bone, usually interconnected with other similar pieces
diploe
central layer of spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone of the flat cranial bones
osteon
cylindrical basic functional and structural unit of mature compact bone. run pallalel to diaphysis on long bone. appearace of bulls eye target
components of an osteon (haversian system)
central canal
concentric lamallae
osteocytes
canaliculi
central canal of an osteon (haversian canal) (withing compact bone microanatomy)
cylindrical channel in center of osteon. contains blood vessel and nerves
concentric lamellae (within compact bone microanatomy)
rings of bone connective tissue surrounding central canal, making up most of the osteon. every other osteon as collagen fibers perpendicular to the one before it, giving the bone some strength and resilience
osteocytes of an osteon (within compact bone microanatomy)
housed in lacnae and occur between adjacent concentric laminae
canaliculi (within compact bone microanatomy)
small channels in bone cnonective tissue that connect lacuna and central canal. house osteocyte cytoplasmin projections that allow intercellular contact and communication, allowing nutrients minrals gases wastes to travel thru the canaliculi between cent canal and osteocytes
structures that occur in compact bone but not in the osteon
perforating canals
circumferential lamellae
interstitial lamellae
perforating canals
(volkmann canals) contain blood vessels and nerves like central canals, but run perpendicular to centreal canals and help connect them together creating vascular and innervation connection among them.
circumferential lamellae
rings of bone internal to external circumfrential laminae and/or internal circumfrential laminae
internal and external circumferential lamellae
appear during original formation of the bone, run the entire circumference of bone itself
interstitial lamellae
leftover parts of the osteon that have been partially resorbed. look like a bite has been taken out of them bc they are incomplete and have no central canal
what does spongy bone not contain that is a big part of compact bone, and what does it contain instead
osteons. instead the trabeculae is composed of parallel lamellae. between these osteocytes reside in the lacunae with canaliculi radiating from it, allowing for nutrient absorbtion.
what structuer to trabeculae form
a meshwork of crisscrowwing bars and plates of bone pieces, giving it its resistance to stress in many directions by distributing it throughout all parts of the structure instead of just the stressed spot.
where is red bone marrow located
spongy bone, formed thru hematopoiesis
where is smooth muscle tissue found vs epithelial tissue
smooth muscle tissue forms the wall of blood vessels that supply the bone
epithelial lines the INSIDE of open blood vessels
periosteum
connective tissue proper
what is fluid connective tissue
blood
where is spongy bone tissue located
internally within the epiphysis of bones, in flat bones of skull, it is in between 2 layers of compact bone
examples of flat bone
roof of skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs
most common type of bone
long
what provides the major weight support of long bones
diaphysis
tissue that produces red blood cells
red bone marrow
what lines medullary cavities
endosteum
tough fibrous cartiladge lining outside of long bones
periosteum ?
osteogenic(osteoprogenitor) cell pipeline
osteogenic cell to osteoblast to osteocyte
what to osteoclasts do and how are they formed
dissolve bone, mutinucleated cells formed from the fusion of stem cells
characteristics of periosteum
heals fractures, anchors blood vessels to bone surface, made of dense irreg conn tiss, coverr outer surface of bone
is matrix of bone harder than matrix of cartilage
yes
what maintains bone matrix and resides in lacunae within the matrix
osteocytes
what secretes osteoids
osteoblasts,
what happens to bone when you dont eat enough protein
they become brittle bc without protein they lack flexibility
what makes up 1/3 of bone mass
organic components
other names for spongy bone
cancellous, trabecular
what suspends and supports collagen fibers
ground material
what is the basic functional and structural unit of a mature compact bone, and which way does it run in relation to the diaphysis of the long bone. macro or microscopic. organic or inorganic??
osteon/haversian system, parallel, microscopic. organic
other name for spongy bone in the flat cranial bones
diploe
what does osteoid contain
cells, collegn fiber, ground substance
what type of component gives the bone its tensile strength and what gives it compressional strenght
organic component collagen give tensile, inorganic calcium and phosphate give compressional
what does the trabeculae of spongy bone contain
parallel lamellae with osteocytes in between them resting in lacunae. canaliculi radiate from these lacunae.
what does the trabeculae of spongy bone contain
parallel lamellae with osteocytes in between them resting in lacunae. canaliculi radiate from these lacunae.
trabeculae
open lattice of narrow plates in spongy bone, look like mesh
what percent of body weight is the integument
8
bronzing
glucocorticoid hormone deficiency in the adrenal cortex / addisons disease
cyanosis
airway obstruction, emphysema, or respiratory arrest
erythema
excersize/sunburn/excess heat/emotions resulting in increased blood flow in dilated blood vessels in dermis
jaundice
elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood
pallor
decreased blood flow to the skin
what pigments contribute to skin color
carotene, hemoglobin, melanin
two types of melanin
eumelanin and pheomelanin
functions of subcutaneous layer
energy reservoir
thermal insulation
proteection
bronzing
clucocorticoid hormone deficiency in the adrenal cortex / addisons disease - skin golden brown/copper
cyanosis
airway obstruction, emphysema, or respiratory arrest - skin bluish bc of lack of oxygen
erythema
exercise, sunburn, excess heat, emotions resulting in increase blood flow in dilated blood vessels in the dermis - skin red
jaundice
elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood - skin yellow
pallor
descreased blood flow to skin, skin looks ashen and pale due to while collage fibers in dermis
hematoma
bruise observable through clotted skin - due to trauma or indicates hemophilia or nutritional/metabolic disorder
accesorry organs of the epidermis
nails, sebacious glands, sweat glands, hair
pilus
a single hair
three types of hair
lanugo, vellus, terminal
lanugo hair
find, unpigmented, downy hair that first is on fetus in 2nd tri. generally replaced at birth w vellus
vellus
primary human hair
terminal hair
courser, pigmentd, longer than vellus. scalp, brows, lashes. replaces vellus in axillary and pubic regions during puberty. forms beard w testosterone
3 recognizable zones along length of hair
bulb, root, shaft
arrector pilli
thin ribbons of smooth muscle that extend from dermal papillae to mid region of hair follicles
what cell does con tiss proper contain
fibroblasts, not chondrocytes, osteocytes, or adipocytes
Growth hormone
stimulates liver to create insulin-like growth factor (somatomedin), causing increase in cartilage at eiphyseal plate and results in bone elongation
what happens when too little growth hormone
short stature
thyroid hormone
stimulated bone growth by increasing metabolic rate of osteoblasts.
what does too little thyroid hormone result in
short stature
calcitonin
promotes calcium deposition in bones and inhibits osteoclast acitivity
parathyroid hormone
increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone resorption by osteoclasts
dif between calcitonin and parathyroid
they are opposite, para decreases bone mass and cali increases it.
sex hormones
stimulate osteoblasts, promote epiphysial plate frowth and closure
glucocorticoids
if levels chronically too high, bone resorption occurs and bone mass is lost
vitamin a
activates osteoblasts
vitamin c
promotes collages production
vitamin d
promotes absorption of calcium and phosphate into blood, helps w calcification of bone
what gland produces growth hormone
anterior pituitary gland
how does growth hormone affect bone growth
stimulates livery to form a hormone called insuline-like growth factor
