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Anatomy > ch6 > Flashcards

ch6 Flashcards

1
Q

Cartiliage

A

a semirigid connective tissue that is weaker than bone, but more flexible/resilient.

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2
Q

chloroplasts

A

cells that produce the matrix of cartilage

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3
Q

chondrocytes and function

A

chloroplasts once they become encased within the matrix that they produces and secreted. they occupy lacunae and make sure that the cartilage remains healthy.

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4
Q

lacunae

A

small space, cavity, or depression. occupied by chondrocytes

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5
Q

is mature cartilage vascular or avascular

A

avascular so nutrients must diffuse thru matrix

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6
Q

three dif types of cartilage

A

hyalin, elastic, and fibrocartilage

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7
Q

functions of cartilage

A

supporting tissues
providing gliding surfaces are articulations
providing model for bone formation in embryos

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8
Q

what types of tissues do bones contain

A

these contain all tissue types

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9
Q

bone connective tissue

A

primary component of bones. matrix is sturdy and rigid due to calcification

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10
Q

calcification

A

mineralization. deposition of minerals in the matrix

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11
Q

functions of bone

A

support and protection
movement
hematopoiesis
storage of mineral and energy reserves

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12
Q

how do bones support and protect

A

provide structural support/framework for body
protect tissues and organs

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13
Q

how do bones support movement

A

serve as attachment site for muscles/tissues/organs
act as system of levers that move when muscles contract

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14
Q

hematopoiesis and where does in occur

A

the process of producing formed elements in the blood. occurs in red bone marrow.

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15
Q

red bone marrow and location

A

contains stem cells that form blood cells and platelets.

kids: located in some spongy bone and the medullary cavity of most bones of the body

adults: located in spongy bone in only few portions of the axial skeleton like flat bones of skull, vertebra, ribs, sternum, and hip bones. also in primal epiphysis of each humerus and femur

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16
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

what red marrow turns into when it degenerates. a fatty tissue.

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17
Q

how do bones store mineral and energy reserves

A

they store more than 90% of bodys calcium and phosphate. when one of those is needed, some bone tissue is broken down and those minerals are released into the blood.

store potential energy in the form of lipids in yellow bone marrow, in the shafts of adult bones

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18
Q

four classes of bone as determined by shape

A

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

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19
Q

long bones and where do they occur

A

greater length and width than other bone.
elongated cylindrical shaft.

upper limbs(arm, forearm, palm, fingers)
lower limbs(thigh, leg, sole of foot, toes)

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20
Q

short bones and where are they located

A

length about equals width. external surface covered by compact bone and interior is spongy bone.

carpals, tarsals, sesamoid bones

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21
Q

sesamoid bones

A

tiny seedshaped bones along the tendons of some muscles. type of short bone. patella is largest sesamoid bone

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22
Q

flat bones and where tehy are

A

flat, thin surfaces. composed of paralel surfaces of compact bone w layer of internal spngy bone.

provide surfaces for muscle attachment and protect underlying tissue. roof of skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs

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23
Q

irregular bones

A

complex shaped that dont fit into other categories. compact bone covering internal spongy bone.

vertebrae, coxae, many bones in skull like eithmoid and sphenoid

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24
Q

what parts does a typical long bone contain

A

DIAPHYSIS
EPIPHYSIS
METAPHYSIS
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
MEDULLARY CAVITY
ENDOSTEUM
PERIOSTEUM
PERFORATING FIBERS

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25
Q

diaphysis and function

A

principle feature of long bone. elongated, cylindrical shaft

provides leverage and major weight support

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26
Q

epiphysis and function

A

expanded knobby region at end of long bones. composed of outer layer of compact, inner layer spongy bone.

enlarged to make joint stronger and provide more surface area for articulation/tendon/ligament attachement.

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27
Q

proximal vs distal epiphysis

A

end of bone closest to trunk vs end of bone farthest from trunk

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28
Q

metaphysis, and its function

A

section of long bone between epiphysis and diaphysis

transfers forces between dia and epi

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29
Q

epiphyseal plate vs epiphyseal line

A

in metaphysis

plate is in a growing bone. thin layers of hyalin cart that allows lengthwise growth of diaphysis.

line is a thin layer of compact bone that is a remnant of the plate

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30
Q

articular cartilage and function

A

thin layer of hyalin cartilage covering epiphysis at a joint surface

absorbs shock and friction in mving jionts

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31
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow, cylindrical space withing diaphysis. constains yellow bone marrow in adults

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32
Q

endosteum, what it contains, and function

A

incomplete layer of cells that covers internal surface of bone. lines medullary cavities

contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.

active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling

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33
Q

periosteum, what is it formed/anchored by, and function

A

tough sheath on outer surface of bone, other than those covered by articular cartilage.

formed by dense irregular conn tiss and consists of outer fibrous layer and inner cellular. anchored to bone by perforating fibers.

protects bone from surrounding structures, anchors blood vessels and nerves to surface of bone, provides stem cells for growth in width and fracture repair

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34
Q

four types of cells in bone tissue

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoplasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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35
Q

osteoprogenitor cells and their location

A

stem cells derived from mesenchyme. produce a committed cell when combined that matures to become an osteoblast.

located in periosteum and endosteum

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36
Q

osteoblasts and their function

A

formed from osteoprogenitor stem cells.

exhibit cuboidal structure and secrete a semisolid form of bone matrix called osteoid. osteoids calcify and harden.

osteoblasts produce new bone and when they become trapped in the matrix they produce and secreted, they become osteocytes

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37
Q

osteocytes and function

A

mature bone cells that are trapped in the matrix they created. live in small spaces called lacunae.

maintain bone matrix and detect stress on bone. communicate this to osteoblasts which may result in deposition of new bone matrix at surface

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38
Q

osteoclasts, what are they mde from, located, and what is their function

A

large, multinuclear, phagotyc cells. have ruffled surface where they touch bone which increases surface area touching it.

derived from fused bone marry cells

located in a depression pit on bone surface called a resorption lacuna.

they are used for bone absorption

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39
Q

bone absorption

A

osteoclasts secrete hydrochloric acid dissolving minerals in the bone matrix while lysosomes in the osteoclast secrete enzyms that absorb the bone matrix. this releases calcium and phosphate

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40
Q

osteolysis

A

the release of stored calcium and phosphate from bone matrix during bone resorption which then enters tissues and blood

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41
Q

what effects osteoblast and osteoclast activity

A

hormonal levels
bodys need for calcium and phosphorus
gravitational and mechanic stressors to the bone

ex. when wearing braces they work together to modify the toothjaw junction.

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42
Q

what makes up bone matrix

A

organic and nonorganic components. 1/3 composed of osteoids including cells, colagen fibers, and ground substance.

collagen gives tensile strength and flexibility

inorganic (mostly calcium phosphate) provides compressional strength

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43
Q

what do calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide form in the bone matrix

A

hydroxyapatite crystals.

the deposit around colagen and harden the extracellular matrix. also incorporate salts like calcium carbonate, and ions like sodium, magnesium sulfate, and fluoride during calcification

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44
Q

spongy vs compact bone

A

both make up most of bones in body.

compact solid, dense. forms solid external bones of long bone

spongy porous. located internally in soft bone within epiphyses. forms on trabeculae. in flat bone of skull it is sandwhiched btwn 2 layers of compact bone

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45
Q

trabeculae

A

a small piece of the spongy substance of bone, usually interconnected with other similar pieces

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46
Q

diploe

A

central layer of spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone of the flat cranial bones

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47
Q

osteon

A

cylindrical basic functional and structural unit of mature compact bone. run pallalel to diaphysis on long bone. appearace of bulls eye target

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48
Q

components of an osteon (haversian system)

A

central canal
concentric lamallae
osteocytes
canaliculi

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49
Q

central canal of an osteon (haversian canal) (withing compact bone microanatomy)

A

cylindrical channel in center of osteon. contains blood vessel and nerves

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50
Q

concentric lamellae (within compact bone microanatomy)

A

rings of bone connective tissue surrounding central canal, making up most of the osteon. every other osteon as collagen fibers perpendicular to the one before it, giving the bone some strength and resilience

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51
Q

osteocytes of an osteon (within compact bone microanatomy)

A

housed in lacnae and occur between adjacent concentric laminae

52
Q

canaliculi (within compact bone microanatomy)

A

small channels in bone cnonective tissue that connect lacuna and central canal. house osteocyte cytoplasmin projections that allow intercellular contact and communication, allowing nutrients minrals gases wastes to travel thru the canaliculi between cent canal and osteocytes

53
Q

structures that occur in compact bone but not in the osteon

A

perforating canals
circumferential lamellae
interstitial lamellae

54
Q

perforating canals

A

(volkmann canals) contain blood vessels and nerves like central canals, but run perpendicular to centreal canals and help connect them together creating vascular and innervation connection among them.

55
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

rings of bone internal to external circumfrential laminae and/or internal circumfrential laminae

56
Q

internal and external circumferential lamellae

A

appear during original formation of the bone, run the entire circumference of bone itself

57
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

leftover parts of the osteon that have been partially resorbed. look like a bite has been taken out of them bc they are incomplete and have no central canal

58
Q

what does spongy bone not contain that is a big part of compact bone, and what does it contain instead

A

osteons. instead the trabeculae is composed of parallel lamellae. between these osteocytes reside in the lacunae with canaliculi radiating from it, allowing for nutrient absorbtion.

59
Q

what structuer to trabeculae form

A

a meshwork of crisscrowwing bars and plates of bone pieces, giving it its resistance to stress in many directions by distributing it throughout all parts of the structure instead of just the stressed spot.

60
Q

where is red bone marrow located

A

spongy bone, formed thru hematopoiesis

61
Q

where is smooth muscle tissue found vs epithelial tissue

A

smooth muscle tissue forms the wall of blood vessels that supply the bone

epithelial lines the INSIDE of open blood vessels

62
Q

periosteum

A

connective tissue proper

63
Q

what is fluid connective tissue

A

blood

64
Q

where is spongy bone tissue located

A

internally within the epiphysis of bones, in flat bones of skull, it is in between 2 layers of compact bone

65
Q

examples of flat bone

A

roof of skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs

66
Q

most common type of bone

A

long

67
Q

what provides the major weight support of long bones

A

diaphysis

68
Q

tissue that produces red blood cells

A

red bone marrow

69
Q

what lines medullary cavities

A

endosteum

70
Q

tough fibrous cartiladge lining outside of long bones

A

periosteum ?

71
Q

osteogenic(osteoprogenitor) cell pipeline

A

osteogenic cell to osteoblast to osteocyte

72
Q

what to osteoclasts do and how are they formed

A

dissolve bone, mutinucleated cells formed from the fusion of stem cells

73
Q

characteristics of periosteum

A

heals fractures, anchors blood vessels to bone surface, made of dense irreg conn tiss, coverr outer surface of bone

74
Q

is matrix of bone harder than matrix of cartilage

A

yes

75
Q

what maintains bone matrix and resides in lacunae within the matrix

A

osteocytes

76
Q

what secretes osteoids

A

osteoblasts,

77
Q

what happens to bone when you dont eat enough protein

A

they become brittle bc without protein they lack flexibility

78
Q

what makes up 1/3 of bone mass

A

organic components

79
Q

other names for spongy bone

A

cancellous, trabecular

80
Q

what suspends and supports collagen fibers

A

ground material

81
Q

what is the basic functional and structural unit of a mature compact bone, and which way does it run in relation to the diaphysis of the long bone. macro or microscopic. organic or inorganic??

A

osteon/haversian system, parallel, microscopic. organic

82
Q

other name for spongy bone in the flat cranial bones

A

diploe

83
Q

what does osteoid contain

A

cells, collegn fiber, ground substance

84
Q

what type of component gives the bone its tensile strength and what gives it compressional strenght

A

organic component collagen give tensile, inorganic calcium and phosphate give compressional

85
Q

what does the trabeculae of spongy bone contain

A

parallel lamellae with osteocytes in between them resting in lacunae. canaliculi radiate from these lacunae.

85
Q

what does the trabeculae of spongy bone contain

A

parallel lamellae with osteocytes in between them resting in lacunae. canaliculi radiate from these lacunae.

86
Q

trabeculae

A

open lattice of narrow plates in spongy bone, look like mesh

87
Q

what percent of body weight is the integument

A

8

88
Q

bronzing

A

glucocorticoid hormone deficiency in the adrenal cortex / addisons disease

89
Q

cyanosis

A

airway obstruction, emphysema, or respiratory arrest

90
Q

erythema

A

excersize/sunburn/excess heat/emotions resulting in increased blood flow in dilated blood vessels in dermis

91
Q

jaundice

A

elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood

92
Q

pallor

A

decreased blood flow to the skin

93
Q

what pigments contribute to skin color

A

carotene, hemoglobin, melanin

94
Q

two types of melanin

A

eumelanin and pheomelanin

95
Q

functions of subcutaneous layer

A

energy reservoir
thermal insulation
proteection

96
Q

bronzing

A

clucocorticoid hormone deficiency in the adrenal cortex / addisons disease - skin golden brown/copper

97
Q

cyanosis

A

airway obstruction, emphysema, or respiratory arrest - skin bluish bc of lack of oxygen

98
Q

erythema

A

exercise, sunburn, excess heat, emotions resulting in increase blood flow in dilated blood vessels in the dermis - skin red

99
Q

jaundice

A

elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood - skin yellow

100
Q

pallor

A

descreased blood flow to skin, skin looks ashen and pale due to while collage fibers in dermis

101
Q

hematoma

A

bruise observable through clotted skin - due to trauma or indicates hemophilia or nutritional/metabolic disorder

102
Q

accesorry organs of the epidermis

A

nails, sebacious glands, sweat glands, hair

103
Q

pilus

A

a single hair

104
Q

three types of hair

A

lanugo, vellus, terminal

105
Q

lanugo hair

A

find, unpigmented, downy hair that first is on fetus in 2nd tri. generally replaced at birth w vellus

106
Q

vellus

A

primary human hair

107
Q

terminal hair

A

courser, pigmentd, longer than vellus. scalp, brows, lashes. replaces vellus in axillary and pubic regions during puberty. forms beard w testosterone

108
Q

3 recognizable zones along length of hair

A

bulb, root, shaft

109
Q

arrector pilli

A

thin ribbons of smooth muscle that extend from dermal papillae to mid region of hair follicles

110
Q

what cell does con tiss proper contain

A

fibroblasts, not chondrocytes, osteocytes, or adipocytes

111
Q

Growth hormone

A

stimulates liver to create insulin-like growth factor (somatomedin), causing increase in cartilage at eiphyseal plate and results in bone elongation

112
Q

what happens when too little growth hormone

A

short stature

113
Q

thyroid hormone

A

stimulated bone growth by increasing metabolic rate of osteoblasts.

114
Q

what does too little thyroid hormone result in

A

short stature

115
Q

calcitonin

A

promotes calcium deposition in bones and inhibits osteoclast acitivity

116
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone resorption by osteoclasts

117
Q

dif between calcitonin and parathyroid

A

they are opposite, para decreases bone mass and cali increases it.

118
Q

sex hormones

A

stimulate osteoblasts, promote epiphysial plate frowth and closure

119
Q

glucocorticoids

A

if levels chronically too high, bone resorption occurs and bone mass is lost

120
Q

vitamin a

A

activates osteoblasts

121
Q

vitamin c

A

promotes collages production

122
Q

vitamin d

A

promotes absorption of calcium and phosphate into blood, helps w calcification of bone

123
Q

what gland produces growth hormone

A

anterior pituitary gland

124
Q

how does growth hormone affect bone growth

A

stimulates livery to form a hormone called insuline-like growth factor

Anatomy (14 decks)

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