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Anatomy > Ch5 > Flashcards

Ch5 Flashcards

1
Q

Integument

A

bodys largest organ. covers entire body surface (skin)

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2
Q

2 layers of the itegument

A

epidermis and dermis

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3
Q

epidermis

A

a layer of the integument. consists of stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

dermis

A

a layer of the epithelium. consists dense irregular and areolar connective tissue

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5
Q

subcutaneous layer or hypodermis

A

(NOT PART OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM, BUT CLOSELY INVOLVED) a layer deep to the dermin. composed of areolar and adipose connective tissue.

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6
Q

where does the integument meet mucous membranes

A

nostrils, lips, anus, urethral and vaginal opening. transition and seamless and epithelial defenses remain intact

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7
Q

what are the functions of the integument (7)

A

protection, provention of water loss/gain, temp regulation, metabolic regulation, immune defense, sensory reception, secretion

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8
Q

how dose integument protect

A

physcal barrier from injury, chemicals, and light. selectively permeable bc it does still absorb some things

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9
Q

selective permeability

A

some materails can pass thru

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10
Q

how does integument prevent water loss/gain

A

epidermis is water resistant so water only exits thru sweat glands.
does succumb to transdermal water loss

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11
Q

transdermal water loss

A

fluids slowly escape through epidermis to surface where they evaporate

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12
Q

two types of transdermal water loss and definition

A

insensisble perspiration- release of water vapor from sweat glands even when not sweating
sensible perspiration- visible sweating

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13
Q

what happens when water vapor is release during insensible perspiration

A

it mixes w sebum and creates a thin acidic film on skin to prevent more water loss and bacterial invasion

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14
Q

how does integument regulate temp (both hot and cold)

A

vast capillary and sweat glands in the dermis.

blood vessels dilate to dissapate heat if too hot and sweat glands release fluid onto school too cool down through evaporation.

blood vessels constrict when too cold and send blood to deeper body tissues

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15
Q

how does the integument regulate metabolism

A

when exposed to uv radiation the skin produces cholecalciferol through its epidermal cells which is then coverted to calcitriol which allows us to increase the amount of calcium we absorb from food. this overall helps regulate calcium and phosphate in the blood

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16
Q

what is cholecalciferol and when is it produced

A

vitamin d3 and produced by epidermal cells when exposed to uv radiation.

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17
Q

what is calcitriol, where is it produced, and and what is it synthesized from

A

the active form of vitamin d3 and is a hormone. increases absorption of calcium and phosphate from the intestines into the blood, helping us absorb more from our food.

synthesized for cholecalciferol by endocrine cells in kidneys.

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18
Q

how does the integument create immune defense

A

initiates an immune response in epidermis with epidermal dendritic cells when pathogens penetrate the epidermis. also against epidermal cancer cells

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19
Q

epidermal dendritic cells

A

play a role in phagocytizing pathogens that have penetrated the epidermis

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20
Q

how does the itegument play a role in sensory reception

A

sensory neurons in the skin

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21
Q

tactile cells

A

large specialized epithelial cells that stimulate specfic nerve endings when distorted by fine touch or pressure

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22
Q

what does the integument secrete

A

sweat

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23
Q

epidermis

A

the epithelium of the integument. a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

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24
Q

layers of the epidermous from deep to superficial

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucum(in thick skin only), and stratum corneum

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25
Q

which epidermal strata are composed of living keratinocytes and what are the rest made of

A

basale, spinosum, and granulosum; dead keratinocytes

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26
Q

what cells occupy the stratum basale

A

keratinocytes, melanocyte, tactile cells

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27
Q

keratinocytes

A

most abundant cells in epidermis and occur in all strata. get their name from keratin. make epidermous almost waterproof

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28
Q

keratin

A

in epidermous of skin. fibrous structural proteins that are tough and insoluble. twist around each other to form filaments of they cytoskeleton.

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29
Q

what are keratins found in epidermal cells of skin called

A

cytokeratins

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30
Q

melanocytes

A

have long, branching cytoplasmic processes and are scattered among keratinocytes of the stratum basale. produce and store melanin in response to UV expose

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31
Q

how do melanocytes shield DNA from ultraviolet radiation

A

they produce melanin and transfer pigment granules (melanosomes) by phagocytosis or exocytosis into keratiocytes within the basal layer. the pigment accumulates around the nucleus of cels and shields the DNA

32
Q

stratum granulosum (granular layer)

A

consists of 3 to 5 layers of keratinoccytes superficial to stratum spinosum

33
Q

what two types of granules are in the stratum granulosum

A

keratohyalin granules (involved in keratinization process)
lamellar granules (fuse with plasma membrane and extrued their lipids into the extracelular space

34
Q

keratinization

A

keratinocytes fill up with keratin.
as cells pass thru the granulosum and keratin fillaments begin to develop, cells become thinner and flatter. membanes thicken and are less permeable. nucleus and organelles disintigrate and cells die. the material left within the cell is used to form a layer of keratin fibers sandwhiched between phospholipid membranes. not complete until reaches more superficial layers of epidermis. all fully keratinized cells are dead but strong bc they contain keratin.

35
Q

stratum lucidum (clear layer)

A

only in thick skin like palms. cells are pale and featureless and have indistinct boundaries. keratinocytes in this layer are flattened and filled with eledin

36
Q

eledin

A

intermediate product in process of keratin maturation

37
Q

stratum corneum (hornlike layer)

A

most superficial layer. you see it when u look at skin. 20-30 layers of corneocytes.

38
Q

corneocytes

A

dead scally keratinized cells in stratum corneum. anucleate and tightly packed together

39
Q

anucleate

A

no nucleus

40
Q

how long are keratinocytes present after their formation

A

1 month. 2 weeks to migrate to the corneum, 2 weeks remaining there until falling off

41
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen vinding protein in red blood cells. exhibits bright red color when binding to oxygen giving blood vessel the red color

42
Q

melanin and the two types

A

pigment in melanocyte

eumelanin and pheomelanin

43
Q

why is some skin darker than other

A

all ppl have same amt of melanocytes but the activity and color varies causeing different skin tones

44
Q

carotene

A

yellow-orange pigment from eating some veggies. converted into vitamin a and accumulates in keratinocytes of the startum corneum

45
Q

nevus

A

a mole. overgrowth of melanin forming cells, harmells but can become malignant with too much UV

46
Q

freckles

A

localized areas of excessive melanocyte activity

47
Q

hemangeoma

A

skinn discoloration due to cells proliferating and forming a benign tumor

48
Q

capillary hemangioma

A

bright red to yellow nodules that usualyl dissaper during childhood

49
Q

carniverous hemangiomas

A

port wine stains. larger dermal blood vessels that may last a life time

50
Q

friction ridges

A

increase friction so that objects do not slip easily from hands or feet. formed from large folds and valleys in dermis and epidermis

51
Q

dermatoglyphics

A

the study of friction ridge patterns

52
Q

components dermis and what kind of connective tissue does it consist of

A

deep to the epidermis and ranges in thickness from 0.5-3.0 mm.

areolar and dense irregular connective tissue, these conn tiss layers composed of collagen and firbroblasts.

blood vessels, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve ending, and smooth muscle tissue.

53
Q

two major regions of dermis

A

superficial papillary layer and deeper reticular layer

54
Q

papillary layer of dermis

A

superficial region adjacent to epidermis.
composed of aereolar connective tissue

55
Q

dermal papillae, function, and what do they contain

A

projections of dermis toward epidermis. interlock with epidermal ridges to increase area of contact between epidermis and dermis, as well as connect them.

contain capillaries to supplie nutrients to epidermis cells. house sensory receptors.

56
Q

epidermal ridges

A

deep projections of the epidermis that connect with dermal papillae.

57
Q

reticular layer of dermis, function

A

deeper larger portion of dermis extending from papillary layer on top to subcutaneous layer.

consists of dense irregular connective tissue that projects bundles of collagen fibers in all direction.

58
Q

what dose the work reticular refer to in the reticular layer of dermis

A

“network” of mesh of collagen fibers that surround structures of the dermis like hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nerves, blood vessels

59
Q

lines of cleavage

A

the direction/orientation of collagen fibers bundles. their function is to resist stress as they are a result of the direction of applied stress in routine movement

60
Q

what happens when you cut lines of cleavage at different angles in a surgical context

A

cutting with the lin of cleavage will usually remain closed, cutting against them will have cut remain open and have slow healing/scarring.

61
Q

what types of fibers contribute to the physical characteristics of the skin

A

elastic (allow stretch and recoil) and collagen fibers (impact tensile strength)

62
Q

striae, what causes them

A

stretch marks. when skin stretched beyond capacity it tears the collagen fibers and causes these.

63
Q

what factors can diminish the flexibility and thickness of the dermis, and what does this cause

A

UV light and aging

sagging and wrinkly skin

64
Q

innervation

A

to supply w nerves

65
Q

what are the functions of nerve fibers

A

monitor sensory receptors in dermis and epiderm
control blood flow and gland secretion rates

66
Q

what supplies the epidermis cells and the dermis with nutrients

A

blood vessles in the the dermis.
largest lays within border btwn reticular layer of dermis and subcutaneous layer, smaller brand out into hair follicles, sweat glands, etc.

67
Q

how does the dermis drain

A

smallest arterial vessels connect to cappilary loops within dermal papillae, then drain into small vessels forming a vessel network that merges into small veins, draining the dermis

68
Q

how does dermis regulate temp

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood vessels.

69
Q

subcutaneous layer / what is it made of

A

(hypodermis or superficial facias) deep to the integument but not considered part of it.

areolar connective tissue and adipose connective tissue.

70
Q

subcutaneous fat

A

when adipose connective tissue predominates this is what the subcutaneous layer is called

71
Q

what does the subcutaneous layer do for the body

A

pads and protects
enery reservoir
thermal insulation

72
Q

how is subcutaneous layer related to reticular layer

A

conn tiss fibers of retic layer are woves with subcut layer to stabilize position of skin and bind it to tissues

73
Q

what layer are drugs injected to

A

subcutaneous bc it has a large vascular network for rapid absorption

74
Q

what is dif in subcutaneous layer between men and women

A

thicker in femails, thinner in males.

fat distribution in men is in neck, upper arms, abs, lower back, buttock.

fat dist in women is breast, buttocks, hips, thighs

75
Q

epidermal dervatives

A

derived from eipthelium of epidermis. hair, nails, exocrine glands.

76
Q

what are nail and hair composed of that is different from glands

A

dead cells(kertinocytes). glands composed of living epithelial cells

Anatomy (14 decks)

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