Ch1 Flashcards
Microscopic anatomy
examines structures that cannot be viewed by unaided eye
scient menthod
observe, hypothesis, experiment, does data support hypo or need to by midified
dif btwn physiologist and anatomist
physiologists provide how body parts function together whereas anatomists study the relationships and structure of the parts
subdivisions of microscopic anatomy and what they are
cytology- study of single body cells and their structures
histology- study of tissues, wider approach examining how groups of cells function for a common purpose
Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) and its subtypes
investigates structure/relationships of large body parts visible to the unaided
comparative anatomy, developmental anatomy, embryology, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, systemic anatomy
comparative anatomy
subtype of gross anatomy, examines similariries and diffs in anatomy of different species
developmental anatomy
subtype of gross anatomy, investigates changes in structure within and individ. from conception to maturity
embryology
subtype of gross anatomy, concerned w developmental changes prior to birth
regional anatomy
subtype of gross anatomy, examines all the structures of a certain region of the body as a complete unit
surface anatomy
subtype of gross anatomy, examines superficial markings and internal body structures related to the skin covering them (obtaining pulse etc)
systemic anatomy
subtype of gross anatomy, studies each system in the body in a macroscopic way
pathologic anatomy
examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease
radiographic anatomy
studies relationships among internal structures that can be viewed through imaging procedures like MRI or xray
surgical anatomy
investigates landmarks used before and after surgery
major levels of organization in body from least to most complex
chemical level, cellular level, tisue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level
(coctal acronym)
major parts of skeletal system
skull, sternum, ribs, cartilage, upper limb bones, lower limb bones, verterbrae, sacrum, knee joint
(svulsckrs) acronym
major organs of integumentary system
hair, skin and associated glands
major organs of muscular system
orbicularis oculi muscle, pectoralis major muscle, aponeurosis, tendons, sartoris muscle (opsat acronym) o.
Endocrine system organs
hypothalamus, pineal gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, testes
(pthapkt acronym?)
nervous system organs
sense organ(eye), brain, spinal cord, nerves
peripheral is nervs, central is everything else
cardiovascular system organs
heart, blood vessels
respiratory system organs
nasal cavity, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, thoracic diaphragm
nnpltblt
Digestive system
oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
ospelsls
lymphatic system
cervical lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, axillary lymph nodes, thoracic duct, spleen, inguinal lymph nodes, popliteal lymph node, lymph vessel
Male reproductive system organs
Ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, epididymis, urethra, penis, testis, scrotum
urinary system
kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
female reproductive system
mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus. vagina, external genetalia(clit, labia)
anatomic position
stands upright w feet parallel and flat on the floor, head level, eyes forward. arms at either side with palms facing FORWARD and thumbs facing OUT
planes
coronal plane (frontal) divides into anterior and posterior
transverse plane(cross sectional or horizontal) cuts along axis perpindicularly
midsagittal (median) divides into right and left halves equal
sagittal ^ but not equal
oblique -pass thru at an angle
anatomic directions relative to front or back
anterior(in front), posterior(in back), dorsal(towards back), ventral(towards front)
anatomic directions relative to head or tail of body
superior (close to head), inferior(close to feed), caudal (at rear/tail end), cranial (at head end), rostral(towards nose/mouth)
anatomical directions relative to midline or center of body
medial(toward midline), lateral (away from midline), ipsilateral (on same side), contralateral (on opposite side), deep (on inside), superficial (on outrside)
anatomical directions relative to point of attachement appendage
proximal (closest to poin of attachment to trunk), distal (furthest from point of attachement to trunk)
axial region inclueds what main areas
head, neck, trunk
appendicular region includes what main area
appendages
abdominal region
inferior to thorax and superior to pelvic brim of hip bones
antebrachial region
forearm
antecubital
region anterior to the elbow
auricular
ear
axillary region
armpit
brachial region
arm (between shoulder and elbow)
buccal
cheek
calcaneal region
heel of foot
carpal region
wrist
cephalic region
head
cervical region
neck
coxal region
hip
cranial region
skull
crural region
leg
deltoid region
shoulder
digital region
fingers or toes
dorsal region
back
femoral region
thigh
fibular region
lateral aspect of leg
frontal region
forehead
gluteal region
buttock
hallux region
great toe
inguinal region
groin
lumbar region
small of back, lower back
mammary region
breat
manus region
hand
mental region
chin
nasal region
nose
occipital region
posterior of head
olecranal region
posterior aspect of elbow
oral region
mouth
orbital region
eye
palmar region
palm of the hand
patellar region
kneecap
pectoral region
chest
pelvic region
pelvis
perineal reagion
diamond shape between thighs w anus and reproductive organs
pes region
foot
plantar region
sole of foot
pollex region
thunb
popliteal region
area posterior to kneww
pubic region
anterior region of pelvis
radial region
lateral aspect of forarm (thumb side)
scapular region
shoulder blade
sacral region
posterior region between hip bones
sternal regions
anterior middle region of thorax
sural region
calf
tarsal region
proximal part of foot/ankle
thoracic region
part of torso superior to thoracic diaphragm (contains pecs, axillary, and sternal regions)
tibial region
medial aspect of leg
ulnar region
medial aspect of the forearm
umbilical region
naval
vertebral region
spinal column
what cavities are in the posterior aspect and how are they dif from the ventral cavity
cranial cavity and vertebral canal. they are both encased in bone making them dif from ventral cavity
what cavities are contained in the ventral cavity and what are they separated by
Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity separated from diagphram
what is the abdominopelvic cavity a part of and what does it contain
part of ventral cavity and contains abdominal and pelvic cavity
what are the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities lined with and what are they layers of the lining
serous membrane, made of parietal and visceral layer. parietal lines intermal surface of body wall and visceral covers external surface of organs
what is serous membrane and serous fluid
seruous membrane lines organs and protects them from friction and damage. like a fist in a balloon.
secreted by serous membranes in a serous cavity. consistency of oil and used as a lubricant.
What dose the thoracic cavity contain
mediastinum, pleural cavity, pericardial cavity
what does the abdominopelvic cavity contain
abdominal and pelvic cavities
where is the mediastinum contained and what dose it contain itself
in the thoracic cavity and it contains heart, thymus, esophogus, trachea, and major blood vessels
what is the serous membrane enclosing the heart called and what are its layers. what is the space between the parietal and visceral pericardia called?
pericardium. perietal and visceral pericardium.
pericardial cavity
what is the serous membrane in the lungs called and what is the inside of the membrane called
pleura, pleural cavity
what is contained in the abdominal cavity
most digestive organs and kidneys and ureter
what is contained inteh pelvic cavity
distal part of the large intestine, urinary bladder and urethra and internal reproductive organs
what is the serous membrane around the abdominopelvic cavity called
peritoneum. peritoneal cavity in in between visceral and periatel layers
Radiography
x-rays. primary way of obtaining images of body parts
radiopaque
a substance that absorbs x rays allowing hollow organs to be viewd
ultrasound
sonography. second most used imaging method. uses a transducer across body producing ultrasound waves that recieve signals from organs. no radiatioin
Digital subtraction angiography
3d xray technique to view blood vessels. inject dye into blood to see them, helpful for vessel blockages. used in angioplastys when inserting catheter to put a stint where they are blocked.
CT computer tomography
cat scan. more sophisticated Xray w heavy radiation.
MRI
uses magnets
PET scan
analyze metabolic state of a tissue at a given moment in time to see which are most active
