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Anatomy > ch4 > Flashcards

ch4 Flashcards

1
Q

Charactersitics of epithelial tissue

A

cellularity (composed of all cells with little extracellular matrix)
polarity (apical surface and basal surface, lateral surface w intercellular junctions.)
attachment to basement membrane (in the basal surface the epithelial layer is bound to basement membrane)
avascularity (lack of tissues and blood vessels)
innervation (detect changes in enviro)
high regen capacity (apical surface damaged more frequently, so they replace themselves quick through mitotic divison of deep epithelial cells(stem cells) near basement membran)

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2
Q

how do epithelial cells obtain nutrients

A

from apical surface or diffusion on basal surface from connective tissue

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3
Q

what can be on the apical surface

A

cilia or microvilli

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4
Q

what is attached to the basal surface

A

epithelium in basal surface attached to a basement membrane which is part of both the epithelium and connective tissue underneath

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5
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A

physical protection
selective permability
secretion
sensation

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6
Q

what do epithelial tissues protect against

A

dehydration, abrasion, and phyisical chemical or biological destruction

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7
Q

what are exocrine glands

A

epithelial cells specialized to produce secretions. can either be scattered or clumped to form a gland

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8
Q

neuroepithelium

A

a specialized epithelium hat some organs contain that house specific cells that a responsble for senses like taste, smell, vision, hearing, and equilibrium

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9
Q

why dont epithelial cells contain blood vessels?

A

to prevent bleeding bc this cell is frequently injured, and bc its protective function would be compromised

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10
Q

3 layers of basemement membrane and what do they contain

A

lamina lucida, lamina densa( both of these have protein and collagen) and reticular lamina (has protein and carbs)

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11
Q

functions of the basement membrane

A

1 physical support for epithelium
2 anchors epithelium to connective tissue
3 barrier to reg movement of large molecules btwn epi and underlying tissue

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12
Q

intercellular junctions

A

speciliazed connections in plasma membranes of the lateral surfaces of eipthelial cells that bind them together

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13
Q

types of intercellular junctions

A

tight, adhering, desmosomes, and gap junctions

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14
Q

tight junctions

A

encircle cells near their surface and completely attach each cell to its neighbor. very tightly sealed, forcing all materials to move through the cells instead of between them. allows them to control anything that enters the body

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15
Q

adhering junctions

A

located deep to tight junctions. microfillaments extend from cytoplasm into plasma membrane that completely circles the cell. they have a bit more space between them allowing things that have already passed through the tight junctions on the surface to pass between the cells instead of thru on their way to the basement membrane.

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16
Q

desmosome

A

like a button between epithelial cells. each cell contributes half of the complete desmosome. they dont cover the whole cel and only attach to neighboring cells at potential stress points

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17
Q

gap junctions

A

formed across gap btwn neighboring cells. bridged by connexons. they provide passageways for small molecules into neighboring cells, allowing for ions, glucose, and amino acids to pas thru. also in muscle tissue to help with contractions.

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18
Q

what intercellular junction provides resistance to mechanical stress at a single point

A

desmosomes

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19
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

some basal cels have half demisomes that anchor them to the basement membrane

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20
Q

simple epithelium and wher eis it found

A

one cell layer so all cells touch basement membrane. found where stress is minimal and diffusion/filtration/absorption/secretion is the main function (air sace, intestines, blood vessels)

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21
Q

stratified epithelium and whre is it found

A

2 or more layers of epithelial cells. only deep cells touch basement. multiple layesr make it strong so it is found in areas subjected to more stress (skin, esophagus, vagina) cells in basal layer continually regen as the apical cells are lost from damage

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22
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

appears layered bc nucleui are at dif levels but all of the cells are actually attached to basement membrane. some cells dont reach apical surface. (nasal cavity, respiratory passageways)

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23
Q

squamous cells

A

flat, wide, irregular shaped. nucleus looks like flat disc, cells look like irregular floor tiles.

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24
Q

cuboidal cell shape

A

as tall as they are wide, not perfect cubes bc rounded edges. nucleus spherical and in center of cell.

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25
Q

columnar shaped cells

A

slender, tall. look like hexagonal columns. nucleus oval and sits lenthwise in basal region.

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26
Q

transitional shaped cells

A

can change shape depending on how stretched epithelium becomes. (bladder, etc) polyhedral when cell is relaxed, looks squamous when stretched.

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27
Q

types of simple epithelium

A

simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar

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28
Q

types of stratified epithelium

A

transitional, stratified columnar, stratified cuboidal, stratified squamous(keratinized and nonkeratinized)

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29
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

STRUCTURE:single layer of thin flat cells like floor tiles, nucleus bulges at center of each cell
FUNCTION: rapid diffusion and filtration, some secretion in serous membranes
LOCATION: amnion, inner later of membran around embry, air sacs, lining of heart, blood vessels, serous membrans of body cavities

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30
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

STRUCTURE:single layer tall and wide ells, spherical, central nucleus
FUNCTION:absorption and secretion
LOCATION:kidney tubules, thyroud follicles, ducst and secretory regions of most glands, surface of ovaries,

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31
Q

NONCILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

A

STRUCTURE:single layer of tall narow cells, oval nuc lengthwise at basal, apical reg has macrovili, can contain goblet cells
FUNCTION:absorbtion and secretion, secretion of mucin
LOCATION:lining of digestive tract, lining of stomach does not contain goblet cells

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32
Q

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

STRUCTURE: same as nonciliated but without microvilli.
FUNCTION: secretion of mucin and movement along apical surface with the cilia. oocyte movement thru uterine tube.
LOCATION: lining of uterine tubes and larger bronchioles of resp tract

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33
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

STRUCTURE:single layer. varying heights that look multilayered. all cells connect basement membrane but not all to apical. ciliated form has goblet cells and cilia, nonciliated form does not.
FUNCTION: protection, ciliated forms secrete mucin and movement
LOCATION: ciliated lines resp tract like nasal, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi. nonciliated isRARE, lines epididymus and male urethra.

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34
Q

endothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium that lines lumen of blood, lymphatic vessels, and heart

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35
Q

mesothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium of the serous membrane that lines internal walls of pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities as well as external surfaces of organs withtin those cavities

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36
Q

brush border

A

what microvili appear as when viewd with light microscopy. lookslike a fuzzy structure

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37
Q

mucin

A

a glycoprotein secreted by mucin that when hydrated forms mucus.

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38
Q

keratinized vs nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

STRUCTURE:multiple layers of cells, basal cells cuboidal/polyhedral, apical cells squamous.
keratinized-more superficials cells dead and filled with keratin
nonkeratinized-superficial cells are alive and kept moist
FUNCTION:protection of underlying tissue
LOCATION:
keratinized- epidermis of skin
nonkeratinized-lining of vagina, oral cavity, pharynx, espohagus, and anus

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39
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

STRUCTURE:2+ layers, cells are apical surface cuboidal
FUNCTION: protection and secretion
LOCATION: large ducts in exocrine glands and some parts of male urethra

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40
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

STRUCTURE: 2+ layers of cells, cells at apical surface columnar
FUNCTION: protection and secretion
LOCATION: rare, found in regions of male urethra and large ducts of exocrine glands

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41
Q

transitional epithelium

A

STRUCTURE: appearance varies depending on whether stretched or relzxed. some cels may be binucleated
FUNCTION: distension and relaxtation to accomodate urin volume changes
LOCATION: lining of bladder, ureters, and urethra

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42
Q

glands

A

individual or multicellular, composed of mostly epithelial tissue. secrete substances for use in body or for elimination from body (mucin, electolytes, hormones, enzyms, waste)

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43
Q

endocrine glands

A

lack ducts and secrete direct to blood and intersitital fluid. secrete hormones that are chem messenges to influence activites in other parts of bvody

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44
Q

exocrine glands

A

maintain contact with epithelial surface through a duct. secretes onto skin or epithelial surfaces lining passageways
(Sweat, milk, enzymes)

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45
Q

connective tissue

A

most diverse and widely used version of tissue. supports, protects, and binds organs. glue that holds body structure together

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46
Q

what do all connective tissues share

A

cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

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47
Q

how are connective tissue cells and epithelial cells different

A

connective tissue cells are scattered, whereas some epi cells are clumped together

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48
Q

three types of protein fibers and what they signify ab the funciton of connective tissues

A

collagen fibers (strong and strech resistant)
elastic fibers (flexible and reslient)
reticular fibers (for interwoven framework)

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49
Q

ground substance, what is it and what types are there

A

nonlibving material produced by connective tissue cells. made of protein and carb molecules and some water.
can be viscous (blood), semisolid (cartilage), or solid (bone).

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50
Q

extracellular matrix

A

formed by ground substance and protein fibers. most connective tissue is composed majority of this with smaller amount of cells.

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51
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

phys protection, support and structural framework, binding of structure, storage, transport, immune protection

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52
Q

how does connective tissue provide physical protection

A

bones protect organs

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53
Q

how does connective tissue provide support and. framwork

A

bones provide framwork and support soft tissues. cartilage supports body structures like trachea, ears. connectiv tusse sheets form capsules to support oragns like spleen and kidney

54
Q

how does connective tissue bind to structure

A

ligaments bind bone to bone, tendons bind muscle to bond, connective tissue binds skin to muscle and bone

55
Q

what does connective tissue store

A

fat, bone stores calcium and phosphorus

56
Q

how does connective tissue suport imun protection

A

some type of tissue contain white. blood cells. extracelluluar matrix is viscuous and interferes w movement of disease cuasing organisms.

57
Q

3 categories of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue

58
Q

types of connective tissue proper and what do they contain

A

loose connective tissue (less fibers, more ground substance)
-areolar, adipose, reticular
dense connective tissue (more fibers, less gorund sub)
-regular, irregular, elastic

59
Q

types of supporting connective tissue and what do they contain

A

cartilage (semisolid matrix)
-hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
bone (solid matrix)
-compact, spongy

60
Q

types of fluid connectiv tissue

A

blood and lymph

61
Q

connective tissue proper

A

these exhibit a variable mix of cell types and and protein fibers suspended in ground substance

62
Q

2 classes of cells that form connective tissue proper

A

resident -stationary cells contained in conn tissue. support and repair extracellularmatrix
wandering - move thru con tissue, used for immue protection and repair of damaged matrix

63
Q

types of resident cells

A

fibroblasts, adipocytes, fixed macrophages, mesenchymal cells

64
Q

fibroblasts

A

abundant, large, flat, tapered ends.

produce fibers and ground substance in the extracellular matrix

65
Q

adipocytes

A

fat, large lipid droplet. cell components pushed to one side

store lipid reserves

66
Q

fixed macrophages

A

large, derived from monocytes in blood. reside in matrix after leaving blood

phagoctize foreign material

67
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

stellate or spindleshaped embryonic stem cells

divide when injured to produce new conn tissue

68
Q

types of wandering cells

A

mast cells, plasma cells, free macrophages, other leukocytes

69
Q

mast cells

A

small w granule filled cytoplasm

release histamine and heparin to create inflamation

70
Q

plasma cells

A

small, distinct nucleus, derived from activated b-lymphocytes

form antibodies that bind to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses

71
Q

free macrophages

A

mobile phagocytic cells made from monocytes of blood

phagocytize foreign material

72
Q

other leukocytes

A

white blood cells that enter conn tissue

attack foreign materials or directly combat bactera

73
Q

what are most wandering cells of the conective tissue proper a type of

A

leukocytes

74
Q

protein fibers of conn tissue proper

A

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers.

75
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

type of loose conn tiss
STRUCTURE: fibroblasts, less amounts of collagen and elastic fiber, viscous ground substance
FUNCTION: packs around and binds organs
LOCATION:nerves, vessels, subcutaneous layer

76
Q

adipose connective tissue

A

type of loose conn tiss
STRUCTURE: adipoctyes
FUNCTION: protects, stores fat, insulates
LOCATION: subcutaneous layer, suround kidney and someother organs

77
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

type of loose conn tiss
STRUCTURE: meshwork of reticular fibers
FUNCTION:forms stroma of lymphatic organs
LOCATION:stroma of spleen, liver, lymph nodes ,and bone marrow

78
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

STRUCTURE: densely packed collagen fibers parallel to direction of stress
FUNCTION: strength and flexibility in a single direction
LOCATION:tendons and ligaments

79
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

STRUCTURE:collagen fibers interwoven, irregularly clumped and project in all directions
FUNCTION: tensile strength in all directions
LOCATION: dermis of skill, capsules of organs

80
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

STRUCTURE: elastic and collagen fibers arranged irregularly
FUNCTION: framwork and supports organs
LOCATION: walls of large arteries

81
Q

cartilage

A

has firm, gell like extracellular matrix made of protein and gorund substance. more strong and resilient(due to collagen) that all types other than bone, and more flexible than bone(due to elastic fibers).

82
Q

chondrocytes

A

mature cartilage cells. produce chemical that precvents blood vessel formation in extracellular matrix. exchange nutrients and waste with blood vessels OUTSIDE of cartilage through diffusion

83
Q

lacunae

A

small spaces within extracellular matrix

84
Q

perichondrium and its 2 layers

A

covers cartilage.

outer, fibrous region of dense irreg conn tissue
inner, cellular layer (contains stem cells for growth of cartilage)

85
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage , fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

86
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

STRUCTURE: glassy matrix, lacunae house chondrocytes, covered by perichondrium
FUNCTION: smooth surfaces for joint movement, model for bone growth, support soft tissue
LOCATION: articular ends of long cones, fetal skeleton, costal cartialage, larynx, trachea, nose

87
Q

fibrocartilage

A

STRUCTURE:visible, parallel collagen fibers, lacunae house chondrocytes, no perichondrium
FUNCTION: resists compression and absorbs shocks in joints
LOCATION: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee joints

88
Q

elastic cartilage

A

STRUCTURE: abundant elastic fibers that form web mesh around lacunea, perichondrium present
FUNCTION: maintain structure and shape but allow flexibility
LOCATION: eternal ear, epiglottis of larynx

89
Q

bone connective tissue

A

makes up mass of most body structures called bones. more solid that cart and provides more support.

90
Q

what is bone made of

A

1/3 organic components(collagen, protein-carb molecules) flexibility and tensile strenght
2/3 inorganic (calcium salts) provide compressional strength

91
Q

periosteum

A

dense irregular conn tissue covering bone surfaces

92
Q

osteons and what travels thru them

A

cylindrical structures that form compact bone. run parallel to shafts of bone and contain lamalle that circle and central canal

blood vessels and nerves

93
Q

lamallae

A

layer of bone connective tissue in teh form of a ring

94
Q

osteocytes

A

bone cells housed by lacunae between neighboring lamellae. communicate with one another and the blood vessels in the central canal through canaluculi in order to excahnge materials with blood vessels

95
Q

canaluculi

A

minute passageways in the matrix that osteocytes use to communicate with blood vessels

96
Q

compact bone vs spongy bone

A

STRUCTURE:
-compact: calcified matrix arranged in osteons
-spongy: lacks organization of compact, contains microscopic spaces, arranged in meshwork pattern
FUNCTION: support soft structures, protect vital organs, levers for movement, store calcium and phos.
-spongy bone only: cite of hematopeoiesis
LOCATION:bones of the body

97
Q

hematopoietic cells

A

form reticular connective tissue responsible for producing blood cells. contained in spongy bone

98
Q

blood

A

STRUCTURE: contains erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets. soluble protein fibers and watery ground substance form plasma
FUNCTION:
-erythrocytes xport oxygen and CO2
-leukocytes control immune response
-plasma contains clotting elements and transports nutrients/waste/hormones
-platelets also help with clotting
LOCATION: within blood vessels and heart
-leukocytes located in lymphatic organs to migrate to inflamed tissues

99
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells that xport oxygen and CO2 btwn lungs and tissues

100
Q

platelets

A

involved in vlood clotting

101
Q

plasma

A

xports nutrients and waste and hormones through body

102
Q

lymph

A

derived from plasma and is returned to blood. has no elements.

103
Q

mucous membrane

A

lines. body passageways that can open to the environment. digestive, respiratory, etc. composed of conn tiss call lamina propria and epithelium.

104
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

largest body membrane (aka, skin)
made of keratinized squamous epithelium (called epidermis) and a layer of connective tissue called the dermis.

105
Q

synovial membrane

A

lines some joints,
made of vascularized areolar, fibrous, or adipose tissue under a superficial cellular lining.

106
Q

how are tissues formed

A

the germ layer

107
Q

extracellular matrix of this tissue varies from liquid to solid

A

connective

108
Q

most glands are composed of

A

epithelial tissue

109
Q

is epithelial tissue innervated?

A

yes, richly so

110
Q

what would the study of blood be in regards to types of anatomy

A

histology

111
Q

what type of tissue is for storage and transport

A

connective

112
Q

how many human tissue types are there (primarily)

A

4, connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

113
Q

locations of epithelial tissues

A

covers body surfaces, lines organs, covers organs, lines body cavities

NOT attached to bone

114
Q

are epithelial tissues boudn close together

A

no

115
Q

do epthelial tissues consist mostly of extracellular matrix?

A

no

116
Q

does a large amount of extracellular matrix separate epithelial cells?

A

yes

117
Q

are epithelial tissues composed almost entirely of cells?

A

yes

118
Q

what surfaces of epithelial cells contain intercellular junctions

A

lateral

119
Q

which of the 4 tissue types have little extracellular matrix

A

epithelial, nervous, and muscle

120
Q

what do glands secrete

A
121
Q

which tissues have a lot of extracellular matrix and which dont out of the 4 types

A

connective has a lot,
muscle, nervous, and epi have lil

122
Q

which tissue type has cellular matrix that can be solid or liquid

A

connective

123
Q

what categories are used to classify epithelia

A

cell shape, cells at apical surface

124
Q

endothelum

A

simple, squamous cells that line blood and lymphatic vessels

125
Q

what does endothelium line

A

it lines the heart

126
Q

what type of cells does connective tissue proper contain

A

fibroblasts

127
Q

what type of cells does fat tissue contain

A

adipocytes

128
Q

what type of tissue does cartilage contain

A

chondrocytes

129
Q

what type of tissue does bone contain

A

osteocytes

130
Q

what do all connective tissues share

A

ground substance, cells, protein fibers

131
Q

fixed macrophages

A

large cells that phagocytize damaged cells and pathogens

Anatomy (14 decks)

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