Ch5

Question 1

The primary goal of treatment for gestational diabetes, potential outcomes if goals are not met. Describe risk factors.

Answer 1

• Weight management, dietary changes, and physical activity was shown to normalise blood glucose levels and decrease the risk of adverse outcomes.
• If treatment goals arent met, increase risk of spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, congential anomalies, and neonatal death. The mother may have difficulties delivering, increased risk of preeclampsia, CVD, hypoglycemia, and maternal death.
• Risk factors include body fat, unhealthy diet, low exercise, +35 years, ethnic, family history, hypertension, PCOS.

Question 2

Discuss the dietary recommendations of women with gestational diabetes, what are proportions assigned to meals and snacks.

Answer 2

• Diety pattern focuses on replacing high sugar and refined carbs with whole grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts and nutrient-dense foods. Fibre is important for gut microbiota, inflammation, glucose levels and insulin resistance.
• Assigned proportions include: 10-20% breakfast, 20-30% lunch, 30-40% dinner, and 30% snacks.

Question 3

Describe visceral fat and its metabolic effects. Explain how this increases disease risk.

Answer 3

• Visceral fat lies beneath skin and muscles of the stomach and around internal organs which is metabolically active.
• Metabolic processes include chronic inflammation, free-radical production, and oxidative stress.
• Promoting insulin resistance, elevated blood glucose, insulin, TAG, and increased blood pressure.
• Increasing risk of gestational diabetes, hypertension, and other conditions.

Question 4

Name and describe 4 types of hypertensive disorders.

Answer 4

1. chronic hypertension
   - Hypertension before pregnancy or <20 weeks of pregnancy. don’t resolve after pregnancy.
2. gestational hypertension
   - Elevated blood glucose was first detected in pregnancy.
3. Preeclampsia
   - Occurs in pregnancy >20 weeks gestation. Includes high blood pressure and headaches, blurred vision, and abdominal pain.
4. Eclampsia
   - Women with preeclampsia experience seizures late in pregnancy.

Question 5

Two factors increased changes of multifoetal pregnancy

Answer 5

1. Energy and nutrient needs
   - increased maternal blood volume, extracellular fluid, uterine, placenta, and foetal growth. energy and nutrient demands to build and maintain these tissues,
2. Weight gain
   - Achieve 10Ib more than singleton pregnancy, needs to increase to 150 calories more. For underweight may be more and overweight may be less.