Ch17

Question 1

Describe the prevalence of CVD, development of coronary heart disease beginning with process of atherosclerosis. What are the risk factors associated with CVD and what can you do to prevent them from occurring?

Answer 1

• over 90 million adults live with one or more CVD diseases. CVD is related to heart and blood vessels.
• Atherosclerosis causes build-up of plaque in the blood vessel wall. This can effect the blood flow to the heart causing coronary heart disease.
• Risk factors include dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and lifestyle factors of diet, inactivity and smoking.
• Progression of atherosclerosis can be neutralised or slowed through lifestyle and diet modification.

Question 2

Discuss the cause and two risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome. Provide recommendations for a diet that would decrease the risk of developing this syndrome.

Answer 2

• Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions increase risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. The cause is unclear but thought to result from central adiposty and insulin resistance.
• Diet and lifestyle modification is first-line therapy. Healthy diet, increase physical activity, and reduce weight.
• If it does work, medications to treatment dyslipidemia, hypertension, elevated blood glucose or insulin resistance is added. Bariatric surgery is considered for those with BMI >35.

Question 3

Describe ‘obesogenic environment’. Discuss how one might reduce these effec ts to achieve successful weight loss.

Answer 3

• Obesogenic environment are physical, economic, policy, social and cultural factors that promote obesity.
• A strategy for weight loss and maintenance of weight include diet, exercise and behaviour therapy. This includes a menu plan, nutrient-dense foods, and portion control
• Important to not consume what has been advertised which is high in fat, salt, and sugar. Working around technological advances that replaced physical activity with sedentary activity.

Question 4

List factors related to client motiviation to engage in a weight-loss program, and in his or her ability to adhere to a treatment plan.

Answer 4

1. Previous attempts to lose weight
2. Patients understanding of the causes of obesity
3. Exisitng co-morbidities
4. Attitudes towards physical activity
5. Considering finance.

Question 5

Discuss cognitive behavioural therapy for weight management and list the 12 components of weight-management programs based on this type of therapy.

Answer 5

Cognitivie behavioural therapy builds knowledge, modifies attitudes and new behaviours. This helps weight management, diabetes education and lifestyle changes.

Question 6

Describe the central defect in type 2 diabetes and the adverse side effects high levels of blood glucose have on the body

Answer 6

• Decreased production of insulin and insulin resistance is the defect in type 2 diabetes.
• Short-term affects: frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, fatigue, weight loss, blurred vision, poor immune system, delayed wound healing.
• Long-term affects: Heart disease, hypertension, blindness, kidney failure, stroke, and loss of limbs.

Question 7

Identify the key assessment components to include in a nutrition assessment for a person at high risk for CVD.

Answer 7

1. Food and nutrition history
2. Nutrition knowledge of healthy eating, relationship to food, and attitudes on change.
3. Physical activity
4. Anthropometric measurements
5. Lab values (lipids and glucose)
6. Medication and social history.

Question 8

Describe stages of carcinogenesis and relate how dietary elements can modify this process

Answer 8

Carcinogenesis is the process by which normal cells transform into cancer cells.

Stages
1. Activation
2. Initation
3. Promotion
4. Progression
5. Invasion
6. Possible remission.