CH.4 How Cells Obtain Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

acetyl CoA

A

the combination if an acetyl group form pyretic and coenzyme. A which is made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin)

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2
Q

activation energy

A

the amount of initial energy necessary for reactions to occur

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3
Q

active site

A

a specific region on the enzymes where the substrate binds.

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4
Q

allosteric inhibition

A

the mechanism for inhibiting enzyme action in which a regulatory molecule binds to a second site and initiates a conformation change in the activation site, preventing binding with the substrate

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5
Q

anabolic

A

the pathway that requires a net energy inout to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones

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6
Q

anaerobic cellular respiration

A

the use of an electron acceptor other than oxygen to complete metabolism using electron transport-based chemiosmosis

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7
Q

ATP

A

(adenosine triphosphate) the cells’s energy currency

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8
Q

ATP synthase

A

a membrane-embedded protein complex that regenerates ATP from ADP with energy from protons diffusing through it

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9
Q

bioenergetics

A

the concept of energy flow through living systems

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10
Q

catabolic

A

the pathway in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones, yielding energy as an additional product of the reaction

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11
Q

chemiosmosis

A

the movement of hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient across a membrane through ATP synthase to generate ATP

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12
Q

citric acid cycle

A

a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that harvest the energy in carbon-carbon bonds of sugar molecules to generate ATP; the citric acid cycle is anaerobic metabolic pathway because it requires oxygen in later reactions

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13
Q

competitive inhibition

A

a general mechanism of enzyme activity regulation I. which a molecule other than enzymes substrate is able to bind the active site and Oren t the substrate itself from binding, thus inhibiting the overall rate if reaction for the enzyme.

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14
Q

electron transport chain

A

a series of four large, multi-protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that accepts electrons form donor compounds and harvests energy form a series of chemical reactions to generate a hydrogen ion gradient across the membrane

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15
Q

endergonic

A

a chemical reaction that results in products that store more chemical potential energy than the reactants

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16
Q

enzyme

A

a molecule that catalyzes a biochemical reaction

17
Q

exergonic

A

a chemical reaction that results in oviducts with less chemical potential energy than the reactants, plus the release of free energy

18
Q

feedback inhibition

A

a mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which the product of a reaction or the final product if a series of sequential reactions inhibits enzyme for an earlier step in the reaction series

19
Q

fermentation

A

the steps that follow the partial oxidation of glucose vis glycolysis to regenerate NAD+; occurs in the absence of oxygen and uses an organic compounds as the final electron acceptor

20
Q

glycolysis

A

the process of breaking glucose into two three- carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NaDH

21
Q

heat energy

A

the energy transferred from one system to another that is not work

22
Q

kinetic energy

A

the type of energy associated with objects in motion

23
Q

metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including this that use energy and those the release energy

24
Q

noncompetitive inhibition

A

a general mechanism of enzymes activity regulation in which a regulatory molecule binds to a site other than the active site and prevents the active site form binding the substrate; thus, the inhibitor molecule does not compete with the substrate for the active site; allosteric inhibition is a form of noncompetitive inhibition

25
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

the production of ATP by the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to add phosphate groups to ADP molecules

26
Q

potential energy

A

the type of energy that refers to the potential to do work

27
Q

substrate

A

a molecule on which the enzymes acts

28
Q

thermodynamics

A

the science of the relationships between heat, energy, and work