Ch.3 Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

active transport

Answer 1

the method of transporting material that requires energy

Question 2

cell wall

Answer 2

a rigid cell covering made of cellulose in plants, peptidoglycan in bacteria, non-peptidoglycan compounds in Archae, and chitin in fungi that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell

Question 3

central vacuole

Answer 3

a large plant cell organelle that acts as a storage compartment, water reservoir, and site of macromolecule degradation

Question 4

chloroplast

Answer 4

a plant cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis

Question 5

cilium

Answer 5

a short, hair-like structure that extends forms he plasma membrane in large numbers and is used to move an entire cell or more substances along the outs surface of the cell

Question 6

concentration gradient

Answer 6

an area of high concentration across from an area of low concentration

Question 7

cytoplasm

Answer 7

the entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals

Question 8

cytosol

Answer 8

the gel- like material of the cytoplasm in which cell structures are suspended

Question 9

desmosome

Answer 9

a linkage between adjacent epithelial cells that forms when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments

Question 10

diffusion

Answer 10

a passive process of transport of low-molecular weight material down its concentration gradient

Question 11

electrochemical gradient

Answer 11

a gradient produced by the combined forces of the electrical gradient and the chemical gradient

Question 12

endocytosis

Answer 12

a type of activity e transport that moves substances, including fluids and particles, into a cell

Question 13

endomembrane system

Answer 13

the group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, packages nd transport lipids and proteins

Question 14

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 14

a series of interconnected membranous structures within eukaryotic cells that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids

Question 15

eukaryotic cell

Answer 15

a cell that has a membrane- bound nucleus and several other membrane - bound compartments or sacs

Question 16

exocytosis

Answer 16

a process of passing material out of the cell

Question 17

extracellular matrix

Answer 17

the material, primarily collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans, secreted from animals cells that hols cells together as a tissues allows cells to communicate with each other, and proves mechanical protection and anchoring for cells in the tissues

Question 18

facilitated transport

Answer 18

a process by which material moves down a concentration gradient using integral, membrane proteins

Question 19

flagellum

Answer 19

the long, hair-like structure that extends form the plasma membrane and is used to move the cell

Question 20

fluid mosaic model

Answer 20

a model of the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components, including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and glycolipids, resulting in a fluid rather than static character

Question 21

gap junction

Answer 21

a channel between two adjacent animal cells that allows ions, nutrients, and other low-molecular weight substance to pass between the cells, enabling the cells to communicate

Question 22

Golgi apparatus

Answer 22

a eukaryotic organelle made up of a series of stacked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution

Question 23

hypertonic

Answer 23

a solution in which extracellular fluid has higher osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell

Question 24

hypotonic

Answer 24

a solution in which extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell

Question 25

isotonic

Answer 25

a solution in which extracellular fluid has same osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell

Question 26

lysosome

Answer 26

an organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cell’s digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles

Question 27

microscope

Answer 27

the instrument that magnifies an object

Question 28

mitochondria

Answer 28

the cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting in the production of ATP, the cell’s main energy carrying molecule

Question 29

nuclear envelope

Answer 29

the double membrane structure that constituents the outermost portion of the nucleus

Question 30

nucleolus

Answer 30

the darkly staining body within the nucleus that is responsible for assembling ribosomal subunits

Question 31

nucleus

Answer 31

the cell organelle that houses the cell’s DNA and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

Question 32

organelle

Answer 32

a membrane bound cooperate of sac within the cell

Question 33

osmolarity

Answer 33

the total amount of substances dissolved in a specific amount of solution

Question 34

osmosis

Answer 34

the transport of water through semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an low water concentration

Question 35

passive transport

Answer 35

a method transporting material that does not require energy

Question 36

peroxisome

Answer 36

a small, round organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide, oxidizes fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies many poison

Question 37

phagocytosis

Answer 37

a process that take macromolecules that cells needs form the extracellular fluid

Question 38

pinocytosis

Answer 38

a process that take solutes that cells needs form the extracellular fluid

Question 39

plasma membrane

Answer 39

a phospholipid bilayer with embedded or attached proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment

Question 40

plasmodesma

Answer 40

a channel that passes between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells, connects their cytoplasm, and allows materials to be transported from cell to cell

Question 41

prokaryotic cell

Answer 41

a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane -bound organelle

Question 42

receptor-mediated reticulum

Answer 42

a variant of endocytosis that involves the use of specific binding proteins in the plasma membrane for specific molecules or particles

Question 43

ribosome

Answer 43

a cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis

Question 44

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 44

the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification

Question 45

selectively permeable

Answer 45

the characteristic of the membrane that allows some substances through but not others

Question 46

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Answer 46

the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroids hormones; detoxifies chemicals like pesticides preservatives, medications’ and environmental pollutants ,and stores calcium ions

Question 47

tight junction

Answer 47

a firm seal between two adjacent animals cells created by protein adherence

Question 48

tonicity

Answer 48

the amount of solute in a solution

Question 49

unified cell theory

Answer 49

the biological concept that states that all organism are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells arise form existing cells

Question 50

vacuole

Answer 50

a membrane - bound sac; somewhat larger than a vesicle, that functions in cellular storage and transport

Question 51

vesicle

Answer 51

a small, membrane-bound sac that functions in cellular storage and transport its membrane is capable or fusing with the plasma membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

Question 52

solute

Answer 52

a substance dissolved in another to form a solution