Ch.3 Cell Structure and Function Flashcards
active transport
the method of transporting material that requires energy
cell wall
a rigid cell covering made of cellulose in plants, peptidoglycan in bacteria, non-peptidoglycan compounds in Archae, and chitin in fungi that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell
central vacuole
a large plant cell organelle that acts as a storage compartment, water reservoir, and site of macromolecule degradation
chloroplast
a plant cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis
cilium
a short, hair-like structure that extends forms he plasma membrane in large numbers and is used to move an entire cell or more substances along the outs surface of the cell
concentration gradient
an area of high concentration across from an area of low concentration
cytoplasm
the entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals
cytosol
the gel- like material of the cytoplasm in which cell structures are suspended
desmosome
a linkage between adjacent epithelial cells that forms when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments
diffusion
a passive process of transport of low-molecular weight material down its concentration gradient
electrochemical gradient
a gradient produced by the combined forces of the electrical gradient and the chemical gradient
endocytosis
a type of activity e transport that moves substances, including fluids and particles, into a cell
endomembrane system
the group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, packages nd transport lipids and proteins
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
a series of interconnected membranous structures within eukaryotic cells that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids
eukaryotic cell
a cell that has a membrane- bound nucleus and several other membrane - bound compartments or sacs
exocytosis
a process of passing material out of the cell
extracellular matrix
the material, primarily collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans, secreted from animals cells that hols cells together as a tissues allows cells to communicate with each other, and proves mechanical protection and anchoring for cells in the tissues
facilitated transport
a process by which material moves down a concentration gradient using integral, membrane proteins
flagellum
the long, hair-like structure that extends form the plasma membrane and is used to move the cell
fluid mosaic model
a model of the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components, including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and glycolipids, resulting in a fluid rather than static character
gap junction
a channel between two adjacent animal cells that allows ions, nutrients, and other low-molecular weight substance to pass between the cells, enabling the cells to communicate
Golgi apparatus
a eukaryotic organelle made up of a series of stacked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution
hypertonic
a solution in which extracellular fluid has higher osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell
hypotonic
a solution in which extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell
isotonic
a solution in which extracellular fluid has same osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell
lysosome
an organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cell’s digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles
microscope
the instrument that magnifies an object
mitochondria
the cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting in the production of ATP, the cell’s main energy carrying molecule
nuclear envelope
the double membrane structure that constituents the outermost portion of the nucleus
nucleolus
the darkly staining body within the nucleus that is responsible for assembling ribosomal subunits
nucleus
the cell organelle that houses the cell’s DNA and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins
organelle
a membrane bound cooperate of sac within the cell
osmolarity
the total amount of substances dissolved in a specific amount of solution
osmosis
the transport of water through semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an low water concentration
passive transport
a method transporting material that does not require energy
peroxisome
a small, round organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide, oxidizes fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies many poison
phagocytosis
a process that take macromolecules that cells needs form the extracellular fluid
pinocytosis
a process that take solutes that cells needs form the extracellular fluid
plasma membrane
a phospholipid bilayer with embedded or attached proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment
plasmodesma
a channel that passes between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells, connects their cytoplasm, and allows materials to be transported from cell to cell
prokaryotic cell
a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane -bound organelle
receptor-mediated reticulum
a variant of endocytosis that involves the use of specific binding proteins in the plasma membrane for specific molecules or particles
ribosome
a cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification
selectively permeable
the characteristic of the membrane that allows some substances through but not others
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroids hormones; detoxifies chemicals like pesticides preservatives, medications’ and environmental pollutants ,and stores calcium ions
tight junction
a firm seal between two adjacent animals cells created by protein adherence
tonicity
the amount of solute in a solution
unified cell theory
the biological concept that states that all organism are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells arise form existing cells
vacuole
a membrane - bound sac; somewhat larger than a vesicle, that functions in cellular storage and transport
vesicle
a small, membrane-bound sac that functions in cellular storage and transport its membrane is capable or fusing with the plasma membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
solute
a substance dissolved in another to form a solution
