Ch. 10 Biotechnology

Question 1

anneal

Answer 1

in molecular biology, the process by which two single strands of DNA hydrogen bond at complementary nucleotides to form a double-stranded molecule

Question 2

biomarker

Answer 2

an individual protein that is uniquely produced in a diseased state

Question 3

biotechnology

Answer 3

the use of artificial methods to modify the genetic material of living organisms or cells to produce novel compounds or to perform new functions

Question 4

cloning

Answer 4

the production of an exact copy—specifically, an exact genetic copy—of a gene, cell, or organism

Question 5

gel electrophoresis

Answer 5

a technique used to separate molecules on the basis of their ability to migrate through a semisolid gel in response to an electric current

Question 6

gene therapy

Answer 6

the technique used to cure heritable diseases by replacing mutant genes with good genes

Question 7

genetic engineering

Answer 7

alteration of the genetic makeup of an organism using the molecular methods of biotechnology

Question 8

genetic map

Answer 8

an outline of genes and their location on a chromosome that is based on recombination frequencies between markers

Question 9

genetic testing

Answer 9

identifying gene variants in an individual that may lead to a genetic disease in that individual

Question 10

genetically modified organism (GMO)

Answer 10

an organism whose genome has been artificially changed

Question 11

genomics

Answer 11

the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species

Question 12

metagenomics

Answer 12

the study of the collective genomes of multiple species that grow and interact in an environmental niche

Question 13

model organism

Answer 13

a species that is studied and used as a model to understand the biological processes in other species represented by the model organism

Question 14

pharmacogenomics

Answer 14

the study of drug interactions with the genome or proteome; also called toxicogenomics

Question 15

physical map

Answer 15

a representation of the physical distance between genes or genetic markers

Question 16

plasmid

Answer 16

a small circular molecule of DNA found in bacteria that replicates independently of the main bacterial chromosome; plasmids code for some important traits for bacteria and can be used as vectors to transport DNA into bacteria in genetic engineering applications

Question 17

polymerase chain reaction (PCR0

Answer 17

a technique used to make multiple copies of DNA

Question 18

protein signature

Answer 18

a set of over- or under-expressed proteins characteristic of cells in a particular diseased tissue

Question 19

proteomics

Answer 19

study of the function of proteomes

Question 20

recombinant DNA

Answer 20

a combination of DNA fragments generated by molecular cloning that does not exist in nature

Question 21

recombinant protein

Answer 21

a protein that is expressed from recombinant DNA molecules

Question 22

reproductive cloning

Answer 22

cloning of entire organisms

Question 23

restriction enzyme

Answer 23

an enzyme that recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA and cuts the DNA double strand at that recognition site, often with a staggered cut leaving short single strands or “sticky” ends

Question 24

reverse genetics

Answer 24

a form of genetic analysis that manipulates DNA to disrupt or affect the product of a gene to analyze the gene’s function

Question 25

transgenic

Answer 25

describing an organism that receives DNA from a different species

Question 26

whole genome sequencing

Answer 26

a process that determines the nucleotide sequence of an entire genome