Ch. 6 Reproduction at the Cellular level

Question 1

anaphase

Answer 1

the stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other

Question 2

binary fission

Answer 2

the process of prokaryotic cell division

Question 3

cell cycle

Answer 3

the ordered sequence of events that a cell passes through between one cell division and the next

Question 4

cell cycle checkpoints

Answer 4

mechanisms that monitor the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell cycle stages

Question 5

cell plate

Answer 5

a structure formed during plant-cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles fusing at the metaphase plate; will ultimately lead to formation of a cell wall to separate the two daughter cells

Question 6

centriole

Answer 6

a paired rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome

Question 7

cleavage furrow

Answer 7

a constriction formed by the actin ring during animal-cell cytokinesis that leads to cytoplasmic division

Question 8

cytokinesis

Answer 8

the division of the cytoplasm following mitosis to form two daughter cells

Question 9

diploid

Answer 9

describes a cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)

Question 10

FtsZ

Answer 10

a tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z)

Question 11

G0 phase

Answer 11

a cell-cycle phase distinct from the G1 phase of interphase; a cell in G0 is not preparing to divide

Question 12

G1 phase

Answer 12

(also, first gap) a cell-cycle phase; first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis

Question 13

G2 phase

Answer 13

(also, second gap) a cell-cycle phase; third phase of interphase where the cell undergoes the final preparations for mitosis

Question 14

gamete

Answer 14

a haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm or egg)

Question 15

gene

Answer 15

the physical and functional unit of heredity; a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific peptide or RNA molecule

Question 16

genome

Answer 16

the entire genetic complement (DNA) of an organism

Question 17

haploid

Answer 17

escribes a cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n)

Question 18

homologous chromosomes

Answer 18

chromosomes of the same length with genes in the same location; diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes, and the members of each pair come from different parents

Question 19

interphase

Answer 19

the period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases; the interim between two consecutive cell divisions

Question 20

kinetochore

Answer 20

a protein structure in the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase

Question 21

locus

Answer 21

the position of a gene on a chromosome

Question 22

metaphase

Answer 22

the stage of mitosis during which chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate

Question 23

metaphase plate

Answer 23

the equatorial plane midway between two poles of a cell where the chromosomes align during metaphase

Question 24

mitosis

Answer 24

the period of the cell cycle at which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 25

mitotic phase

Answer 25

the period of the cell cycle when duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and the cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 26

mitotic spindle

Answer 26

the microtubule apparatus that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

Question 27

oncogene

Answer 27

a mutated version of a proto-oncogene, which allows for uncontrolled progression of the cell cycle, or uncontrolled cell reproduction

Question 28

origin

Answer 28

the region of the prokaryotic chromosome at which replication begins

Question 29

prometaphse

Answer 29

the stage of mitosis during which mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

Question 30

proto-oncogene

Answer 30

a normal gene that controls cell division by regulating the cell cycle that becomes an oncogene if it is mutated

Question 31

quiescent

Answer 31

describes a cell that is performing normal cell functions and has not initiated preparations for cell division

Question 32

S phase

Answer 32

the second, or synthesis phase, of interphase during which DNA replication occurs

Question 33

septum

Answer 33

a wall formed between bacterial daughter cells as a precursor to cell separation

Question 34

telophase

Answer 34

the stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by new nuclear envelopes

Question 35

tumor suppressor gene

Answer 35

a gene that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division

Question 36

prophase

Answer 36

the stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form