Ch.4 Health and Illness Flashcards
Describe how the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health
“a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
Discuss the difference between values and beliefs, and list health beliefs common among Americans
Values are ideals that a person feels are important (e.g, knowledge, wealth, financial security, marital fidelity, health.
Beliefs are concepts that a person holds to be true.
Beliefs and values guide a person’s actions.
Most Americans believe that
Health is a resource
Health is a right
Health is a personal responsibility
Explain the concept of holism
Holism is a concept that considers all aspects of a person.
Determines how “whole” or well a person feels.
(The sum of physical, emotional, social, and spiritual health)
Any change in one component , positive or negative, automatically creates repercussions in the others.
Identify the five levels of human needs
Physiological Needs Safety and Security Needs Love and Belonging Needs Esteem and Self-Esteem Needs Self-Actualization Needs
Define illness and terms used to describe illness.
Illness is a state of being unhealthy when disease, deterioration, or injury impairs a person’s well-being.
Several terms are used commonly when referring to illnesses:
Morbidity Mortality Acute Chronic Terminal Primary and Secondary Remission Exacerbation Hereditary Congenital Idiopathic
Differentiate primary, secondary, tertiary, and extended care
Primary care: Usually given by a family practice physician, nurse practitioner, or physician assistant in an office or clinic
Secondary care: Referral from primary caregivers for consultation and additional testing
Tertiary care: Health services provided at hospitals or medical centers where complex technology and specialists are available
Extended care: Services that meet the health needs of clients who no longer require acute hospital care; includes rehabilitation, skilled nursing care in a person’s home or a nursing home, and hospice care
Name programs that help finance health care for the aged, disabled, and low-income population
Medicare Parts (A,B)
Medicare Part C (Medicare Advantage)
Medicare Part D
Medicaid
List methods for control escalating health care costs.
A prospective payment system uses financial incentives to decrease total health care charges by reimbursing hospitals on a fixed rate basis.
Reimbursement is based on the diagnostic-related group (DRG) (a classification system used to group clients with similar diagnoses).
Identify national health goals targeted for the year 2030.
Increase the proportion of people with health insurance.
In the health professions, allied and associated health professions, and nursing, increase the proportion of all degrees awarded to members of underrepresented racial and ethnic groups.
Increase the proportion of health and wellness and treatment programs and facilities that provide full access for people with disabilities.
Reduce the number of new cases of cancer as well as the illness, disability, and death caused by cancer.
Reduce infections caused by key foodborne pathogens.
Improve visual and hearing health nationally through prevention, early detection, treatment, and rehabilitation (HealthyPeople.gov, 2019).
Discuss methods that nurses use to administer client care.
Functional Nursing (a pattern in which each nurse is assigned specific tasks).
The case method (a pattern in which one nurse manages all the care a client or group of clients need for a designated period of time) should not be confused with managed care, which is discussed later.
Team Nursing (a pattern in which nursing personnel divide the clients into groups and complete their care together) is organized and directed by a nurse called the team leader.
In primary nursing (a pattern in which the admitting nurse assumes responsibility for planning client care and evaluating the client’s progress), the primary nurse may delegate the client’s care to someone else in his or her absence but is consulted when new problems develop or the plan of care requires
modifications.
Nurse-managed care (a pattern in which a nurse manager plans the nursing care of clients based on their type of case or medical diagnosis).
Abraham Maslow is a psychologist who identified five levels of human needs and grouped them into a(n) ____________.
Hierarchy
The sum of physical, emotional, social, and spiritual health is called ____________.
Holism
The term ____________ denotes the number of people who died from a particular disease or condition.
Mortality
A disorder acquired from the genetic codes of one or both parents is called a(n) ____________ condition.
Hereditary
Health services provided by the first health care professional or agency a person contacts is called ____________ care.
Primary
WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or ____________
Infirmity
____________ refers to incidence of a specific disease, disorder, or injury and the rate or numbers of people affected.
Morbidity
A foot ulcer that develops in a patient who has uncontrolled diabetes is an example of a(n) ____________ illness.
Secondary
____________ is a federal program that finances health care costs of persons 65 years and older, permanently disabled workers of any age and their dependents, and those with end-stage renal disease.
Medicare
The nursing care pattern in which nursing personnel divide clients into groups and complete their care together is called ____________ nursing.
Team
Identify and label the figure.
The figure represents holism as a concept that considers the sum of the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual health of a person.
List the components of holism that determine how “whole” or well a person feels.
The components of holism that determine how “whole” or well a person feels are physical, mental, social, and spiritual.
How are the components of holism related to each other?
The components of holism are interrelated; if a person is physically ill, the affect can be seen in their social, mental, and spiritual well-being as well.
Label the figure to indicate members of the nursing team.
The nursing team
What is the main purpose of the nursing team?
The main purpose of the nursing team is to provide effective nursing care to the client and the client’s family.
Illness that develops independently of any other disease
Primary illness
Illness that comes on suddenly and lasts a short time
Acute illness
Illness for which there is no potential for cure
Terminal illness
Illness that comes on slowly and lasts a long time
Chronic illness
The following are the five levels of human needs in random order as identified by Maslow in his hierarchy of human needs. Write the correct sequence in the boxes provided.
- Physiologic needs
- Esteem and self-esteem
- Safety and security
- Love and belonging
- Self-actualization
- Physiologic needs
- Safety and security
- Love and belonging
- Esteem and self-esteem
- Self-actualization
The following are some of the agencies and institutions, in random order, where people seek treatment for health problems or assistance with maintaining or promoting their health. Write the correct sequence in which health care is obtained, in the boxes provided.
- Physiotherapy center
- Family physician
- Multispecialty hospital
- Diagnostic center
- Family physician
- Diagnostic center
- Multispecialty hospital
- Physiotherapy center
Why is the first level of Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs very important?
According to Maslow, the first-level physiologic needs are the most important.
They include activities necessary to sustain life.
Maslow believed that until humans satisfied their physiologic needs, they could not or would not seek to fulfill other needs.
What are the types of illness based on duration?
The types of illnesses based on their duration are:
Acute illness
Chronic illness
Terminal illness.
What are managed care organizations
Managed care organizations are private insurers who carefully plan and closely supervise the distribution of their clients’ health care services to control costs of healthcare.
These organizations focus on prevention as the best way to manage costs.
What is capitation?
Capitation is a payment system in which a preset fee per member is paid to a health care provider regardless of whether the member requires services.
Capitation provides an incentive to providers to control tests and services as a means of making a profit. If members do not receive costly care, the provider makes money.
What is nurse-managed care?
Nurse-managed care is a pattern in which a nurse manager plans the nursing care of clients based on their type of case or medical diagnosis.
A clinical pathway is typically used in a managed care approach. In nurse-managed care, a professional nurse evaluates whether predictable outcomes are met on a daily basis.
By meeting the outcomes in a timely manner, the client is ready for discharge by the time designated by prospective payment systems, if not before.
A client is admitted to the nursing unit for a hernioplasty. The nursing unit follows the nurse-managed care pattern of nursing care.
What are the responsibilities of a nurse manager?
The nurse manager plans the nursing care of clients based on their type of case or medical diagnosis.
They forecast outcomes and determine the best strategies for favourable outcomes, keeping in mind the cost factors.
The nurse manager is responsible for the client’s preoperative workup, hernioplasty, and postoperative care.
The nurse manager evaluates whether predictable outcomes are met on a daily basis.
What are the advantages of the nurse-managed care pattern?
The nurse-managed care model ensures that standards of care are met with greater efficiency and cost savings.
The recovery is fast, and the client is ready for discharge by the time designated by prospective payment systems.
It also addresses the issues of nursing shortages and the need to balance the costs of medical care with limited reimbursement systems.
