Ch.4 Health and Illness

Question 1

Describe how the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health

Answer 1

“a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

Question 2

Discuss the difference between values and beliefs, and list health beliefs common among Americans

Answer 2

Values are ideals that a person feels are important (e.g, knowledge, wealth, financial security, marital fidelity, health.

Beliefs are concepts that a person holds to be true.
Beliefs and values guide a person’s actions.

Most Americans believe that
Health is a resource
Health is a right
Health is a personal responsibility

Question 3

Explain the concept of holism

Answer 3

Holism is a concept that considers all aspects of a person.

Determines how “whole” or well a person feels.

(The sum of physical, emotional, social, and spiritual health)

Any change in one component , positive or negative, automatically creates repercussions in the others.

Question 4

Identify the five levels of human needs

Answer 4

Physiological Needs
Safety and Security Needs
Love and Belonging Needs
Esteem and Self-Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization Needs

Question 5

Define illness and terms used to describe illness.

Answer 5

Illness is a state of being unhealthy when disease, deterioration, or injury impairs a person’s well-being.

Several terms are used commonly when referring to illnesses:

Morbidity 
Mortality 
Acute
Chronic
Terminal 
Primary and Secondary
Remission 
Exacerbation 
Hereditary 
Congenital
Idiopathic

Question 6

Differentiate primary, secondary, tertiary, and extended care

Answer 6

Primary care: Usually given by a family practice physician, nurse practitioner, or physician assistant in an office or clinic

Secondary care: Referral from primary caregivers for consultation and additional testing

Tertiary care: Health services provided at hospitals or medical centers where complex technology and specialists are available

Extended care: Services that meet the health needs of clients who no longer require acute hospital care; includes rehabilitation, skilled nursing care in a person’s home or a nursing home, and hospice care

Question 7

Name programs that help finance health care for the aged, disabled, and low-income population

Answer 7

Medicare Parts (A,B)
Medicare Part C (Medicare Advantage)
Medicare Part D

Medicaid

Question 8

List methods for control escalating health care costs.

Answer 8

A prospective payment system uses financial incentives to decrease total health care charges by reimbursing hospitals on a fixed rate basis.

Reimbursement is based on the diagnostic-related group (DRG) (a classification system used to group clients with similar diagnoses).

Question 9

Identify national health goals targeted for the year 2030.

Answer 9

Increase the proportion of people with health insurance.

In the health professions, allied and associated health professions, and nursing, increase the proportion of all degrees awarded to members of underrepresented racial and ethnic groups.

Increase the proportion of health and wellness and treatment programs and facilities that provide full access for people with disabilities.

Reduce the number of new cases of cancer as well as the illness, disability, and death caused by cancer.

Reduce infections caused by key foodborne pathogens.

Improve visual and hearing health nationally through prevention, early detection, treatment, and rehabilitation (HealthyPeople.gov, 2019).

Question 10

Discuss methods that nurses use to administer client care.

Answer 10

Functional Nursing (a pattern in which each nurse is assigned specific tasks).

The case method (a pattern in which one nurse manages all the care a client or group of clients need for a designated period of time) should not be confused with managed care, which is discussed later.

Team Nursing (a pattern in which nursing personnel divide the clients into groups and complete their care together) is organized and directed by a nurse called the team leader.

In primary nursing (a pattern in which the admitting nurse assumes responsibility for planning client care and evaluating the client’s progress), the primary nurse may delegate the client’s care to someone else in his or her absence but is consulted when new problems develop or the plan of care requires
modifications.

Nurse-managed care (a pattern in which a nurse manager plans the nursing care of clients based on their type of case or medical diagnosis).

Question 11

Abraham Maslow is a psychologist who identified five levels of human needs and grouped them into a(n) ____________.

Answer 11

Hierarchy

Question 12

The sum of physical, emotional, social, and spiritual health is called ____________.

Answer 12

Holism

Question 13

The term ____________ denotes the number of people who died from a particular disease or condition.

Answer 13

Mortality

Question 14

A disorder acquired from the genetic codes of one or both parents is called a(n) ____________ condition.

Answer 14

Hereditary

Question 15

Health services provided by the first health care professional or agency a person contacts is called ____________ care.

Answer 15

Primary

Question 16

WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or ____________

Answer 16

Infirmity

Question 17

____________ refers to incidence of a specific disease, disorder, or injury and the rate or numbers of people affected.

Answer 17

Morbidity

Question 18

A foot ulcer that develops in a patient who has uncontrolled diabetes is an example of a(n) ____________ illness.

Answer 18

Secondary

Question 19

____________ is a federal program that finances health care costs of persons 65 years and older, permanently disabled workers of any age and their dependents, and those with end-stage renal disease.

Answer 19

Medicare

Question 20

The nursing care pattern in which nursing personnel divide clients into groups and complete their care together is called ____________ nursing.

Answer 20

Team

Question 21

Identify and label the figure.

Answer 21

The figure represents holism as a concept that considers the sum of the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual health of a person.

Question 22

List the components of holism that determine how “whole” or well a person feels.

Answer 22

The components of holism that determine how “whole” or well a person feels are physical, mental, social, and spiritual.

Question 23

How are the components of holism related to each other?

Answer 23

The components of holism are interrelated; if a person is physically ill, the affect can be seen in their social, mental, and spiritual well-being as well.

Question 24

Label the figure to indicate members of the nursing team.

Answer 24

The nursing team

Question 25

What is the main purpose of the nursing team?

Answer 25

The main purpose of the nursing team is to provide effective nursing care to the client and the client’s family.

Question 26

Illness that develops independently of any other disease

Answer 26

Primary illness

Question 27

Illness that comes on suddenly and lasts a short time

Answer 27

Acute illness

Question 28

Illness for which there is no potential for cure

Answer 28

Terminal illness

Question 29

Illness that comes on slowly and lasts a long time

Answer 29

Chronic illness

Question 30

The following are the five levels of human needs in random order as identified by Maslow in his hierarchy of human needs. Write the correct sequence in the boxes provided.

1. Physiologic needs
2. Esteem and self-esteem
3. Safety and security
4. Love and belonging
5. Self-actualization

Answer 30

1. Physiologic needs
2. Safety and security
3. Love and belonging
4. Esteem and self-esteem
5. Self-actualization

Question 31

The following are some of the agencies and institutions, in random order, where people seek treatment for health problems or assistance with maintaining or promoting their health. Write the correct sequence in which health care is obtained, in the boxes provided.

1. Physiotherapy center
2. Family physician
3. Multispecialty hospital
4. Diagnostic center

Answer 31

2. Family physician
3. Diagnostic center
4. Multispecialty hospital
5. Physiotherapy center

Question 32

Why is the first level of Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs very important?

Answer 32

According to Maslow, the first-level physiologic needs are the most important.
They include activities necessary to sustain life.
Maslow believed that until humans satisfied their physiologic needs, they could not or would not seek to fulfill other needs.

Question 33

What are the types of illness based on duration?

Answer 33

The types of illnesses based on their duration are:

Acute illness
Chronic illness
Terminal illness.

Question 34

What are managed care organizations

Answer 34

Managed care organizations are private insurers who carefully plan and closely supervise the distribution of their clients’ health care services to control costs of healthcare.
These organizations focus on prevention as the best way to manage costs.

Question 35

What is capitation?

Answer 35

Capitation is a payment system in which a preset fee per member is paid to a health care provider regardless of whether the member requires services.
Capitation provides an incentive to providers to control tests and services as a means of making a profit. If members do not receive costly care, the provider makes money.

Question 36

What is nurse-managed care?

Answer 36

Nurse-managed care is a pattern in which a nurse manager plans the nursing care of clients based on their type of case or medical diagnosis.

A clinical pathway is typically used in a managed care approach. In nurse-managed care, a professional nurse evaluates whether predictable outcomes are met on a daily basis.

By meeting the outcomes in a timely manner, the client is ready for discharge by the time designated by prospective payment systems, if not before.

Question 37

A client is admitted to the nursing unit for a hernioplasty. The nursing unit follows the nurse-managed care pattern of nursing care.

What are the responsibilities of a nurse manager?

Answer 37

The nurse manager plans the nursing care of clients based on their type of case or medical diagnosis.
They forecast outcomes and determine the best strategies for favourable outcomes, keeping in mind the cost factors.
The nurse manager is responsible for the client’s preoperative workup, hernioplasty, and postoperative care.
The nurse manager evaluates whether predictable outcomes are met on a daily basis.

Question 38

What are the advantages of the nurse-managed care pattern?

Answer 38

The nurse-managed care model ensures that standards of care are met with greater efficiency and cost savings.
The recovery is fast, and the client is ready for discharge by the time designated by prospective payment systems.
It also addresses the issues of nursing shortages and the need to balance the costs of medical care with limited reimbursement systems.