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Modern EU History > Ch21 > Flashcards

Ch21 Flashcards

1
Q

Cholera epidemic sweeps across Europe

A

1830 - 1832

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2
Q

France invades and begins conquest of Algeria

A

1830

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3
Q

George Sand, Indiana

A

1832

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4
Q

Factory Act regulates work of children in Great Britain

A

1833

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5
Q

Abolition of slavery in British Empire

A

1833

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6
Q

German Zollverein in established under Prussian leadership

A

1834

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7
Q

Belgium opens first continental railway build with state funds

A

1835

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8
Q

Beginning of Opium War

A

1839

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9
Q

Invention of photography

A

1839

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10
Q

Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop

A

1841

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11
Q

Famine strikes Ireland

A

1846

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12
Q

Corn Laws are repealed in England

A

1846

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13
Q

Peasant insurrection in Austrian province of Galicia

A

1846

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14
Q

Revolutions of 1848 throughout Europe

A

1848

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15
Q

Last great wave of Chartist demonstrations in Britain

A

1848

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16
Q

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
“The Communist Manifesto”

A

1848

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17
Q

Abolition of slavery in French colonies

A

1848

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18
Q

End of serfdom in Austrian Empire

A

1848

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19
Q

Crystal Palace exhibition in London

A

1851

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20
Q

What was industrialization? When did it start? Please give some important events

A

Industrialization refers to the process of transitioning from an agrarian economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing.

Started in 1830s and 1840s in Britain with invention of steam engine and textile

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21
Q

Who wrote the Communist Manifesto? Which year was it published?

A

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848

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22
Q

Which event took place in 1848? Name at least three

A
  1. French Revolution of 1848
  2. Germany Revolution: Paulskirche hosted the Frankfurt Parliament, the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany
  3. Italian Revolution, unification
23
Q

Which were the most important political ideologies in the 19th century? Name at least three of them

A

Nationalism, Liberalism, Socialism

24
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

25
Q

Imperialism

A

A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force

26
Q

Opium War

A

Between China and Great Britain (1839–1842)

resulted opening of four Chinese ports to Europeans and British sovereignty over Hong Kong

(particularly Britain’s desire to continue selling opium to Chinese traders)

27
Q

Nationalism

A

A strong feeling of pride and devotion to one’s country

28
Q

Giuseppe Mazzini

A

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).

29
Q

Liberalism

A

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property.

30
Q

Corn Laws

A

1815 tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers (Britain) did not work well. It was protested

31
Q

Socialism

A

A system in which society owns and controls the means of production.

32
Q

Communists

A

People who favor the equal distribution of wealth and the end of all forms of private property

33
Q

Chartism

A

Political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s.

Demands included universal manhood suffrage, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons.

34
Q

Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte

A

After the February Revolution in Paris in 1848, Louis Napoleon was elected President in France. France prospered under him for two decades.

declared himself Emperor Napoleon III in 1852

35
Q

potato famine

A

Irish peasants planted mainly potatoes to feed their families more efficiently than wheat

36
Q

French Revolution of 1848, February Revolution

A

Violent demonstration in Paris on February 23, 1848

Soldiers killed many of the crowd and King Louis-Philippe was forced to abdicate by barricades and crowds;

King fled to England and France was named a republic again

37
Q

Italian Revolutions

A

Nationalist demonstrations and revolutions across Italy

Peasants demanded more land
Workers demanded better pay

Each class wanting a different outcome, this stood in the way of

38
Q

German Revolutions

A

an attempt at the unification of Germany

revolutions across Germany

39
Q

Frankfurt Assembly

A

German federal parliament with delegates from each German state;

attempted to unite Germany
wrote a liberal constitution for Germany, but eventually failed

40
Q

Factory Act of 1833

A

an act passed in Great Britain that outlawed the employment of children under the age of nine in textile mills

workdays 9-13 to 9 hours a day,
13-18 to 12 hours a day

41
Q

Temperance Movement

A

a movement promoted by Catholics and Protestants to prevent drunkenness

42
Q

Poor Law of 1834

A

law passed in Great Britain in an attempt to control the costs of public welfare that required that all able-bodied persons receiving relief be housed together in workhouses

43
Q

Domesticity

A

an ideology that women should devote themselves to their families and the home

44
Q

Zollverein (1834)

A

Known as the customs union that took a step towards economic unification for the German states

45
Q

The Communist Manifesto (1848)

A

By Marx and Engels, became the touchstone of Marxist and communist revolutions around the world;

Downfall of the capital class and the ascendancy of the working class.

Foundation of a new society without classes or private property

46
Q

What dangers did the Industrial Revolution pose to both urban and rural life?

A

overcrowding in cities,
urbanization;
sanitation conditions; disease;
loss of farmers -> loss of food source,
pollution due to factory conditions

47
Q

In which areas did reformers trying to address the social problems created by industrialization and urbanization succeed, and in which did they fail?

A

Success: abolishment of slavery, Sunday school education, working conditions were addressed by law limiting hours per day worked and protecting women and children

Failures: alcoholism, schools were in existence but did not educate enough children, workhouses split families up.

48
Q

Why did ideologies have such a powerful appeal in the 1830s and 1840s?

A

Reform questions needed answers and they tried to provide them. People identified with the ideologies. They people hope of a brighter future with promise of change.

49
Q

Why did the revolutions of 1848 fail?

A

No one could get along long enough or well enough to provide the stability the ideologies offered.

France - elected another Bonaparte that dismantled any chance a new republic would have.

Austria - peasants dropped the fight for the nobles once serfdom is abolished.

Italy - difference in opinions between middle class, peasants and workers, and nationalist parties.

50
Q

Which of the ideologies of this period had the greatest impact on political events? How can you explain this?

A

Nationalism

Gave a sense of belonging to large groups of people brought together by an internal sense of community (language, religion, or traditions) rather than another political view offering answers.

51
Q

In what ways might industrialization be considered a force for peaceful change rather than a revolution? (Hint: Think about the situation in Great Britain.)

A

People liked the industrialization and the progress that was happening because of it, but they didn’t like how it was being done. They wanted to change how it was accomplished.

52
Q

In what ways did the revolutions of 1848 repeat elements of the French revolutions in 1789 and 1830, and in what ways did they break with those precedents?

A

Shared elements- aspirations for political change, demands for constitutional rights, and opposition to monarchies.

Difference- 1848 revolutions were more widespread across Europe, involving diverse social groups with a desire for national unity, which marked a departure from the primarily French focus of earlier revolutions

53
Q

Neither Great Britain nor Russia had a revolution in 1848. How is the absence of revolution in those two countries related to their history in the preceding decades?

A

Great Britain experienced earlier reforms and gradual shifts towards constitutional monarchy, such as the Reform Acts

In Russia, the autocratic rule of Tsars remained strong, suppressing revolutionary movements.

54
Q

Crystal Palace (1851)

A

opened by Queen Victoria; displayed works and abundant good from around the world

Modern EU History (11 decks)

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