Ch20 Petrochemicals And Polymers

Question 1

Define fossil fuels:

Answer 1

Fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas, formed underground over geological periods of time from the remains of plants and animals

Question 2

Define coal:

Answer 2

A black, solid fossil fuel formed underground over geological periods of time by conditions of high-pressure and temperature acting on decayed vegetation

Question 3

Define natural gas:

Answer 3

A fossil fuel formed underground over geological periods of time by conditions of high-pressure and temperature acting on the remains of dead sea creatures
Natural gas is more than 90% methane

Question 4

Define petroleum/crude oil:

Answer 4

A fossil fuel formed underground over many millions of years by conditions of high pressure and temperature acting on the remains of dead sea creatures

Question 5

Define non-renewable (finite) resources:

Answer 5

Sources of energy, such as fossil fuels, and other resources formed in the earth over many millions of years, which we are now using up at a rapid rate and cannot replace

Question 6

Define chemical feedstock:

Answer 6

A chemical element/compound which can be used as a raw material for an industrial process making useful chemical products

Question 7

Define fractional distillation:

Answer 7

Method of distillation using a fractionating column, used to separate liquids with different boiling points

Question 8

Define fractions (from distillation):

Answer 8

The different mixtures that distill over at different temperatures during fractional distillation

Question 9

Define fractionating column:

Answer 9

The vertical column that is used to bring about the separation of liquids in fractional distillation

Question 10

Define fractionating column:

Answer 10

The vertical column that is used to bring about the separation of liquids in fractional distillation

Question 11

Define polymer:

Answer 11

A substance consisting of very large molecules made by polymerising a large number of repeating units/monomers

Question 12

Define proteins:

Answer 12

Polymers of amino acids formed by a condensation reaction
They have a wide variety of biological functions

Question 13

Define monomer:

Answer 13

A small molecule, such as ethene, which can be polymerised to make a polymer

Question 14

Define Polymerisation:

Answer 14

The chemical reaction in which molecules (monomers) join together to form a long-chain polymer

Question 15

Define amino acids:

Answer 15

Naturally occurring organic compounds that possess both an amino (-NH₂) group and an acid (-COOH) group in the molecule
There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids, and they are polymerised in cells to make proteins

Question 16

Define addition polymer:

Answer 16

A polymer formed by an addition reaction - the monomer molecules contain a C=C double bond

Question 17

Define condensation reaction:

Answer 17

A reaction where two or more substances combine together to make a larger compound, and a small molecule is eliminated (given off)

Question 18

Define polyamide:

Answer 18

Polymer where the monomer units are joined together by amide (peptide) links
Ex. nylon and proteins.

Question 19

Define polyester:

Answer 19

A polymer where the monomer units are joined together by ester links
Ex. PET

Question 20

Define condensation polymer:

Answer 20

Polymer formed by a condensation reaction
Example nylon is produced by the condensation reaction between 1,6-diaminohexane and hexanediodic acid
This is the type of polymerization used in biological systems to produce proteins, nucleic, acids, and polysaccharides

Question 21

Define define amid link (peptide link):

Answer 21

The link between monomers in a protein/nylon formed by a condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid group on one mono and an amine group on the next monomer

Question 22

Define ester link:

Answer 22

The link produced when an ester is formed from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
Also found in polyester and in the esters present in fats and vegetable oils

Question 23

Define plastics:

Answer 23

Polymers that can be molded/shaped by the action of heat and pressure

Question 24

Define hydrolysis:

Answer 24

A chemical reaction between a covalent compound and water
Covalent bonds are broken during the action, and the elements of water are added to the fragments
Can be carried out with acids/alkalis or by using enzymes

Question 25

Define micro plastics:

Answer 25

Small pieces of plastic less than 5mm in length that enter natural ecosystems from a variety of sources, including cosmetics, clothing, and industrial processes
Nurdles and microbeads are different types of micro plastics