Ch2 - Vocab (pp. 40-54) Flashcards
Muscular strength
How much force a muscle or group of muscles can exert.
Muscular endurance
The ability of a muscle to hold a contraction or contract repeatedly over a period of time without becoming fatigued.
Flexibility
The ability of a muscle to extend easily through its full range of motion.
Ligaments
Strong bands of fibrous connective tissue
Osteology
The study of the skeletal system and its disorders and diseases.
Axial Skeleton
- For projection
The bones of the skull and vertebral column, the hyoid bone (u-shaped bone in the upper neck), ribs, and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton
- For support and movement
The pectoral girdle with (shoulder bones) with attached upper appendages (arms), and the pelvic girdle (hip bones) with attached lower appendages (legs)
5 parts of the Vertebral Column
- Cervical vertebrae - neck
- Thoracic vertebrae - attached to the rib cage (longest section)
- Lumbar vertebrae - lower back and support the weight of the entire upper body (widest section)
- Sacrum - joined to the pelvic bones to form the foundation of the spine
- Coccyx - tailbone
Scapulae
Shoulder blades
Clavicle
Collarbone
Humerus
Upper arm bone
Radius and Ulna
Lower arm bones
- Radius rolls - thumb side
- Ulna - pinky side
Carpals
Wrist Bones
Pelvic girdle
Pelvis; Hips
- Supports most of the body’s weight
Femur
Thigh bone
Tibia
- Shin
- largest bone in lower leg
Tarsals
Ankle bones
Parts of the bone
- Periosteum (Protective sheath with blood vessels)
- Compact Bone (outer part of bone providing strength)
- Spongy bone (lightweight, porous tissue inside the compact bone providing spaces for red marrow and yellow marrow)
- Red Marrow (Tissue that manufactures red blood cells and white blood cells)
- Yellow Marrow (Stores fat in adults)
Metacarpals
Hand bones
Phalanges
Finders and toes
Metatarsals
Foot bones
Fibula
- Lower outer bone
- Smallest bone in lower leg.
Patella
Knee cap
Sternum
Breast bone
Long bones
- Legs and arms
- Support weight of the body
- Provide movement (with muscles)
Short bones
- Carpals and tarsals
- Nearly equal in length and width
Flat bones
- Cranial; Sternum; Ribs; Scapulae
- Protect vital organs
Irregular Bones
- not one of the others
- Includes the vertebrae, facial bones, hyoid bones
Ball-and-socket joint
- Shoulder; Hip
- Rounded head of a bone fits into a hollow socket in another bone
- Widest range of motion-
Hinge joint
- Knees
- Between the phalanges
- Allows a bone to move up and down in one plane
Pivot Joints
- Radium rotating around the ulna
- Between the first two cervical vertebrae
- Allows only a rotating movement.
Gliding Joints
- Carpals and tarsals (to make wrists and ankles flexible)
- allow slight movements in which one bone slides along the surface of another.
Saddle Joints
- Thumbs
- Permits motion in two planes (up-down; left-right)
Ellipsoid joints (also called Condyloid Joint)
- Joints between metacarpals and phalanges.
- Permits motion in two planes (up-down; left-right)
Cartilage
Tough, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones and allow the bones to glide smoothly over each other.
Ligaments
Strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that fasten bones together.
Myology
The study of the structure, functions, disorders, and diseases of the muscular system.
Kinesiology
The study of anatomy in relation to movement, especially the mechanics of human motion.
Voluntary Muscles
Under conscious control
- Skeletal muscles
- get tired
Involuntary Muscles
They are not under completely conscious, voluntary control.
- Cardiac muscle and Smooth muscle
Red Fibers
Fast-twitch muscle fibers
- sprinting
White Fibers
Slow-twitch muscle fibers
- endurance
Muscle Tone
The slight tension in a relaxed muscle in which a small percentage of muscle fibers are contracted at any given moment even though the muscle is at rest, gives your flesh its firmness.
Flexors
Muscles that decrease the angle between the bones of a joint.
Extensors
Muscles that increase the angle between the bones of a joint.
Tendon
Connective tissue that covers the end of a muscle and tapers into a tough cord.
Origin
End of the muscle that is anchored to a relatively immovable part of the body (usually a bone). The point of insertion is always pulled toward the origin.
Insertion
End of the muscle that is attached to a movable part such as another bone or skin. Point of insertion is always pulled toward the origin.
Sternocleidomastoid
Connect the temporal bones of the skull with the sternum and clavicles.
Trapezius
Allow you to shrug your shoulders
Temporalis and Masseter
Connect Mandible to the Cranium and allow you to close your jaw.
Latissimus dorsi
Connect humerus to lumbar spine and enable you to row a boat.
pectoralis major
Connect chest to humerus and allow you to do pushups
Deltoid
Form curves on shoulders allow you to rise your arms to the side.
Biceps brachii
Allow you to bend your arms at the elbow.
Triceps brachii
Allow you to straighten your arms
Gluteus maximus
Butt (tee hee)
Largest and strongest muscles in the body.
Hamstrings
3 muscles on the back of the thigh
Quadriceps femoris
4 muscles on the front of the thigh
adductors
Inner thigh
abductors
hip
satorius
diagonal from front of pelvis to tibia
gastrocnemius
Largest muscle of the calf
Aerobic exercise
Activities that improve the condition of the heart and lungs.
Anaerobic exercise
Intense activities lasting only short periods of time due to their great demand of oxygen.
Isometric exercises
Push or pull against an immovable object.
- pushing against a wall
Isotonic exercises
Exercises that involve exerting a constant force against a movable resistance.
- lifting weights
- pushups, pullups, crunches
Isokinetic exercises
Exerting as much force as possible against a resistance that moves at a constant speed.
- as you exert more force the machine will exert more resistance
Warm-up
- 5 minutes walking
- 5 minutes stretching
- 5 minutes similar-type workout for a short time.
Workout
- 3-5 days a week
- no more than 2 days between aerobic sessions
Cool down
- 5 minutes
Overload
Gradually increasing the demands on the cardiovascular and muscular systems by increasing one of three variables:
1) frequency
2) intensity
3) duration
Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the muscles through use.
Atrophy
Disuse of muscle causing it waste away.
Training Heart Rate
Should be between 70% and 85% of the maximum heart rate.
