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9th Geo - Test Study Sheets > Ch2 - Vocab (pp. 40-54) > Flashcards

Ch2 - Vocab (pp. 40-54) Flashcards

1
Q

Muscular strength

A

How much force a muscle or group of muscles can exert.

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2
Q

Muscular endurance

A

The ability of a muscle to hold a contraction or contract repeatedly over a period of time without becoming fatigued.

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3
Q

Flexibility

A

The ability of a muscle to extend easily through its full range of motion.

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4
Q

Ligaments

A

Strong bands of fibrous connective tissue

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5
Q

Osteology

A

The study of the skeletal system and its disorders and diseases.

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6
Q

Axial Skeleton

A
  • For projection

The bones of the skull and vertebral column, the hyoid bone (u-shaped bone in the upper neck), ribs, and sternum.

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7
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • For support and movement
    The pectoral girdle with (shoulder bones) with attached upper appendages (arms), and the pelvic girdle (hip bones) with attached lower appendages (legs)
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8
Q

5 parts of the Vertebral Column

A
  1. Cervical vertebrae - neck
  2. Thoracic vertebrae - attached to the rib cage (longest section)
  3. Lumbar vertebrae - lower back and support the weight of the entire upper body (widest section)
  4. Sacrum - joined to the pelvic bones to form the foundation of the spine
  5. Coccyx - tailbone
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9
Q

Scapulae

A

Shoulder blades

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10
Q

Clavicle

A

Collarbone

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11
Q

Humerus

A

Upper arm bone

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12
Q

Radius and Ulna

A

Lower arm bones

  • Radius rolls - thumb side
  • Ulna - pinky side
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13
Q

Carpals

A

Wrist Bones

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14
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Pelvis; Hips

- Supports most of the body’s weight

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15
Q

Femur

A

Thigh bone

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16
Q

Tibia

A
  • Shin

- largest bone in lower leg

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17
Q

Tarsals

A

Ankle bones

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18
Q

Parts of the bone

A
  1. Periosteum (Protective sheath with blood vessels)
  2. Compact Bone (outer part of bone providing strength)
  3. Spongy bone (lightweight, porous tissue inside the compact bone providing spaces for red marrow and yellow marrow)
  4. Red Marrow (Tissue that manufactures red blood cells and white blood cells)
  5. Yellow Marrow (Stores fat in adults)
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19
Q

Metacarpals

A

Hand bones

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20
Q

Phalanges

A

Finders and toes

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21
Q

Metatarsals

A

Foot bones

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22
Q

Fibula

A
  • Lower outer bone

- Smallest bone in lower leg.

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23
Q

Patella

A

Knee cap

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24
Q

Sternum

A

Breast bone

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25
Q

Long bones

A
  • Legs and arms
  • Support weight of the body
  • Provide movement (with muscles)
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26
Q

Short bones

A
  • Carpals and tarsals

- Nearly equal in length and width

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27
Q

Flat bones

A
  • Cranial; Sternum; Ribs; Scapulae

- Protect vital organs

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28
Q

Irregular Bones

A
  • not one of the others

- Includes the vertebrae, facial bones, hyoid bones

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29
Q

Ball-and-socket joint

A
  • Shoulder; Hip
  • Rounded head of a bone fits into a hollow socket in another bone
  • Widest range of motion-
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30
Q

Hinge joint

A
  • Knees
  • Between the phalanges
  • Allows a bone to move up and down in one plane
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31
Q

Pivot Joints

A
  • Radium rotating around the ulna
  • Between the first two cervical vertebrae
  • Allows only a rotating movement.
32
Q

Gliding Joints

A
  • Carpals and tarsals (to make wrists and ankles flexible)

- allow slight movements in which one bone slides along the surface of another.

33
Q

Saddle Joints

A
  • Thumbs

- Permits motion in two planes (up-down; left-right)

34
Q 
Ellipsoid joints
(also called Condyloid Joint)
A
  • Joints between metacarpals and phalanges.

- Permits motion in two planes (up-down; left-right)

35
Q

Cartilage

A

Tough, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones and allow the bones to glide smoothly over each other.

36
Q

Ligaments

A

Strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that fasten bones together.

37
Q

Myology

A

The study of the structure, functions, disorders, and diseases of the muscular system.

38
Q

Kinesiology

A

The study of anatomy in relation to movement, especially the mechanics of human motion.

39
Q

Voluntary Muscles

A

Under conscious control

  • Skeletal muscles
  • get tired
40
Q

Involuntary Muscles

A

They are not under completely conscious, voluntary control.

- Cardiac muscle and Smooth muscle

41
Q

Red Fibers

A

Fast-twitch muscle fibers

- sprinting

42
Q

White Fibers

A

Slow-twitch muscle fibers

- endurance

43
Q

Muscle Tone

A

The slight tension in a relaxed muscle in which a small percentage of muscle fibers are contracted at any given moment even though the muscle is at rest, gives your flesh its firmness.

44
Q

Flexors

A

Muscles that decrease the angle between the bones of a joint.

45
Q

Extensors

A

Muscles that increase the angle between the bones of a joint.

46
Q

Tendon

A

Connective tissue that covers the end of a muscle and tapers into a tough cord.

47
Q

Origin

A

End of the muscle that is anchored to a relatively immovable part of the body (usually a bone). The point of insertion is always pulled toward the origin.

48
Q

Insertion

A

End of the muscle that is attached to a movable part such as another bone or skin. Point of insertion is always pulled toward the origin.

49
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Connect the temporal bones of the skull with the sternum and clavicles.

50
Q

Trapezius

A

Allow you to shrug your shoulders

51
Q

Temporalis and Masseter

A

Connect Mandible to the Cranium and allow you to close your jaw.

52
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

Connect humerus to lumbar spine and enable you to row a boat.

53
Q

pectoralis major

A

Connect chest to humerus and allow you to do pushups

54
Q

Deltoid

A

Form curves on shoulders allow you to rise your arms to the side.

55
Q

Biceps brachii

A

Allow you to bend your arms at the elbow.

56
Q

Triceps brachii

A

Allow you to straighten your arms

57
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

Butt (tee hee)

Largest and strongest muscles in the body.

58
Q

Hamstrings

A

3 muscles on the back of the thigh

59
Q

Quadriceps femoris

A

4 muscles on the front of the thigh

60
Q

adductors

A

Inner thigh

61
Q

abductors

A

hip

62
Q

satorius

A

diagonal from front of pelvis to tibia

63
Q

gastrocnemius

A

Largest muscle of the calf

64
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

Activities that improve the condition of the heart and lungs.

65
Q

Anaerobic exercise

A

Intense activities lasting only short periods of time due to their great demand of oxygen.

66
Q

Isometric exercises

A

Push or pull against an immovable object.

- pushing against a wall

67
Q

Isotonic exercises

A

Exercises that involve exerting a constant force against a movable resistance.

  • lifting weights
  • pushups, pullups, crunches
68
Q

Isokinetic exercises

A

Exerting as much force as possible against a resistance that moves at a constant speed.
- as you exert more force the machine will exert more resistance

69
Q

Warm-up

A
  • 5 minutes walking
  • 5 minutes stretching
  • 5 minutes similar-type workout for a short time.
70
Q

Workout

A
  • 3-5 days a week

- no more than 2 days between aerobic sessions

71
Q

Cool down

A
  • 5 minutes
72
Q

Overload

A

Gradually increasing the demands on the cardiovascular and muscular systems by increasing one of three variables:

1) frequency
2) intensity
3) duration

73
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of the muscles through use.

74
Q

Atrophy

A

Disuse of muscle causing it waste away.

75
Q

Training Heart Rate

A

Should be between 70% and 85% of the maximum heart rate.

9th Geo - Test Study Sheets (18 decks)

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