Ch1 - Vocab (pp. 1-22) Flashcards
Ovum
The female reproductive cell.
Sperm
The male reproductive cell.
Zygote
The fertilized egg cell.
Embryo
The cluster of cells after implantation.
Placenta
A sac of blood vessels (organ) that is between the mother and a baby.
Umbilical cord
A bundle of three vessels carrying products (nutrients and waste) back and forth between the baby and the mother.
Fetus
The baby from the 9th week to birth - recognizable as a baby.
Adolescence
A transitional change from childhood to adulthood.
13-18 years old
Puberty
The state of development in which the body becomes physically able to reproduce.
- marks the beginning of adolescence
- usually ends around mid-adolescence
Endocrinology
The study of the endocrine system: its structure, functions, disorders, and diseases.
Digestion
The physical and chemical breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler, water-soluble substances the body can use.
Crown
The part of the tooth we see.
Enamel
The hardest substance in the body.
Dentin
hard, bonelike tissue that forms the main part of the tooth
Gastroenterology
The study of the structure, functions, disorders, and diseases of the digestive system.
Pulp
The soft tissue in the hollow center of the tooth.
It contains the nerves and blood vessels that enter the tooth through an opening at the tip of the root and pass through the root canal.
Cementum
A thin bonelike covering over the root.
Helps hold the tooth firmly in its socket.
Periodontal membrane
the layer of tissue that produces cementum
Gingiva
Gum; the tissue that surrounds the teeth.
Tongue
muscular organ that forms the softened food into a ball and then pushes it back to the back of the mouth.
Uvula
Small muscular flap of tissue suspended at the back of your mouth, closes the opening to your nasal passages.
Epiglottis
Small flap of cartilage
Closes over the top of the trachea (windpipe) to prevent food from entering your respiratory tract.
Enzymes
Protein molecules designed to activate or speed up chemical reactions in your body.
Salivary Glands
Digestive glands in the oral cavity that produce saliva.
Pair under lower jaw
Pair under the tongue
Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.
Two layers of involuntary muscles produce waves like contractions (paristalsis).
Peristalsis
wave-like contractions within the digestive system caused by layers of involuntary muscles.
Sphincter muscle
circular bands of muscle located where the esophagus joins the stomach.
allows food to pass into the stomach.
prevents food from backing up into the esophagus.
Stomach
Muscular, saclike organ.
Has the largest diameter of any section of the gastrointestinal tract.
3 layers (Outer - lengthwise; middle - encircles; inner - diagonal)
Gastric Juice
Mixture of hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes, and mucus
Chyme
Thick liquid made from food particles and gastric juice.
Mucous Membrane
Mucus that protects the stomach from digestive enzymes and corrosive action of the acid.
Small intestine
- Small diameter; longest part of the digestive system.
- Long, tube-like organ consists of two layers of muscles (lengthwise and encircling)
- Small diameter; longest part of the digestive system.
- Long, tube-like organ consists of two layers of muscles (lengthwise and encircling)
Duodenum
First 10 inches of the small intestine where most of the chemical digestion occurs.
Villi
Tiny hairlike projections that line the wall of the small intestine.
Absorption
The movement of water, digested food, and other dissolved substances into the bloodstream.
Jejunum
The part of the small intestine does most of the absorption take place
ileum
- The longest part of the small intestine.
- Takes the undigested food particles to the colon.
Colon
Large intestine (Larger in diameter, but smaller in length)
Appendix
Fingerlike projection that has no known function in digestion.
Found at the junction of the small intestine and the colon.
Feces
Semi-solid waste material.
Rectum
Last few inches of the digestive tract where the feces is stored until it is released/eliminated from the body.
Pancreas
Produces pancreatic juice which contains enzymes for digesting fats, carbohydrates and proteins.
Liver
The largest internal organ of the body.
Performs hundreds of functions such as changing sugar into glucose and storing various nutrients (like mineral iron and vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12).
Makes bile
Bile
A digestive juice essential for breaking down fats and oils.
Gallbladder
Saclike organ where bile is stored and concentrated.
When fatty substances enter the duodenum, the gallbladder is stimulated to release bile to aid
Macronutrients
Essential nutrients which are important in large quantities in the growth, repair, and replacement of cells and cell parts.
Dietary fiber
- Carbohydrate
- Soluble or Insoluble
- Absorbs water and helps the body move undigested wast materials along the gastrointestinal tract at a normal rate.
Amino Acids
The building blocks of proteins.
Fatty Acids
The building blocks of Fats/Oils
Lipid
General term for fatlike substances that are typically insoluble in water.
Lipoproteins
The “packages” of fat and protein that fats and other lipids are transported through the bloodstream in.
Cholesterol
- Kind of a lipid/fat
- Used to produce bile, vitamin D, and certain hormones
- Cell membranes also use small amounts of cholesterol.
- Manufactured in the liver.
- Found only in animal fats and saturated plant fats
Atherosclerosis
Buildup of plaque (fatty deposits) inside blood vessels.
Micronutrients
Nutrients needed in small amounts to maintain good health.
Antioxidants
substances that neutralize harmful molecules (called free radicals).
Deficiency Disease
- A disease that is caused by the lack of some substance in the diet.
- Usually associated with the water-soluble Vitamins C and B complex
Hypervitaminosis
- Toxic levels of certain vitamins by consuming too many vitamin supplements.
- Usually associated with the fat-soluble Vitamins A & D
Minerals
Inorganic nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and chlorine.
Electrolytes
- Minerals that become electrically charged when dissolved in fluids.
- Potassium, sodium, and chlorine.
Trace elements
- Minerals that are vitally important, but are needed in extremely small quantities.
- Iron, iodine, zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, manganese, and molybdenum.
