Ch.2, Early Views of Abnormality

Question 1

Possessions and mental illlness

Answer 1

early religious cultures considered mental disorders as possession from spirits; considered to be withdrawal of God’s protection

Question 2

Hippocrates (ancient world development)

Answer 2

father of modern medicine
denied that deities and demons intervened in illnesses
Suggested natural causes and treatments
Brain is central organ of activity and mental disorders were due to brain pathology
emphasized heredity diseases

Question 3

Trepanation

Answer 3

putting holes in the head to let the spirits out

Question 4

Hippocrates three categories of mental illlness

Answer 4

Mania
Melancholia
Phrenitis : brain fever

Question 5

Galen and Hippocrates four humors (ancient world)

Answer 5

blood: sanguis
phlegm
bile: choler
black bile: melancholic
person’s temperment was determined which of the humors was dominant
sanguine:P active/optimistic
phl;egmatic: calm/relaxed
choleric: agitated, irritabl;e
melancholic: pensive/thoughtful

Question 6

Psycodynamic psycotherapy, Hippocrates

Answer 6

dreams important in understanding personality

Question 7

Early hsyteria

Answer 7

believed that hysteria: sympotms without causes were due to uterus wandering to various parts of body, pining for children, restricted to women

Question 8

Plato (ancient world)

Answer 8

studied individuals with mental disturbances who had committed criminal acts and how to deal with them. He wrote that such persons were, in some “obvious” sense, not responsible for their acts and should not receive punishment in the same way as normal persons. He also made provision for mental cases to be cared for in the community.

Question 9

Plato, mental illness and the republic

Answer 9

-Plato viewed psychological phenomena as responses of the whole organism, reflecting its internal state and natural appetites.
-In The Republic, Plato emphasized the importance of individual differences in intellectual and other abilities and took into account sociocultural influences in shaping thinking and behavior.
-His ideas regarding treatment included a provision for “hospital” care for individuals who developed beliefs that ran counter to those of the broader social order. There they would be engaged periodically in conversations comparable to psychotherapy to promote a person’s mental health
STILL BELIEVED THERE WAS SOME DIVINE INFLUENCE HOWEVER

Question 10

Aristotle and mental illness (Ancient world)

Answer 10

Aristotle (384–322 b.c.), who was a pupil of Plato, wrote extensively on mental disorders.
-Among his most lasting contributions to psychology are his descriptions of consciousness.
-He held the view that “thinking” as directed would eliminate pain and help to attain pleasure. Aristotle generally subscribed to the Hippocratic theory of disturbances in the bile.

Question 11

Galen and mental illness (ancient world)

Answer 11

-Galen also took a scientific approach to the field, dividing the causes of psychological disorders into physical and mental categories.
- Among the causes he named were injuries to the head, excessive use of alcohol, shock, fear, adolescence, menstrual changes, economic reversals, and disappointment in love.

Question 12

Earliest developed civilizations in which medicine and attention to mental disorders were introduced

Answer 12

China
-bbased on belief in natural, NOT SUPERNATURAL, causes
yin and yang: human body is divided into positive and negative forces that complement and contradict each other: must be in balance to maintain health

Question 13

Chung Ching, (ancient world)

Answer 13

Like Hippocrates, he based his views of physical and mental disorders on clinical observations, and he implicated organ pathologies as primary causes. -
-However, he also believed that stressful psychological conditions could cause organ pathologies, and his treatments, like those of Hippocrates, utilized both drugs and the regaining of emotional balance through appropriate activities.

Question 14

Chinese shift toward supernatural forces in mental disorders

Answer 14

-Chinese views of mental disorders regressed to a belief in supernatural forces as causal agents. From the later part of the second century through the early part of the ninth century, ghosts and devils were implicated in “ghost-evil” insanity, which presumably resulted from possession by evil spirits.
-The “Dark Ages” in China, however, were neither so severe (in terms of the treatment of patients with mental illness) nor as long lasting as in the West.
-A return to biological, somatic (bodily) views and an emphasis on psychosocial factors occurred in the centuries that followed.

Question 15

Avicenna from Persia (middle ages psychology) and Hildegard (middle ages)

Answer 15

Referred to as the “prince of physicians” (Campbell, 1926), he was the author of The Canon of Medicine, perhaps the most widely studied medical work ever written.
-In his writings, Avicenna frequently referred to hysteria, epilepsy, manic reactions, and melancholia.
HILDEGARD: A remarkable woman, known as the “Sybil of the Rhine,” who used curative powers of natural objects for healing and wrote treatises about natural history and medicinal uses of plants.

Question 16

“Witches” and mental illness

Answer 16

women who were impoverished and spoke their mind were called witches and killed, they were not even mentally disabled

Question 17

Two types of possession believced by Robert Burton, enlightened scholar

Answer 17

considered demonic possession a potential cause of mental disorder. There were two types of demonically possessed people: Those physically possessed were considered mad, whereas those spiritually possessed were likely to be considered witches.

Question 18

Paracelsus, swiss physician and scientific questioning (16-18th centurty)

Answer 18

-was an early critic of superstitious beliefs about possession.
-He insisted that mania was not a possession but a form of disease, and that it should be treated as such.
-He also postulated a conflict between the instinctual and spiritual natures of human beings, formulated the idea of psychic causes for mental illness, and advocated treatment by “bodily magnetism,” later called hypnosis.

Question 19

Johann Weyer (16th–18th century)

Answer 19

REBUTTAL OF THE MALLEUS MALEFICARUM
-German physician and writer who wrote under the Latin name of Johannes Wierus, was deeply disturbed by the imprisonment, torture, and burning of people whose strange behavior led them to be accused of witchcraft.
- In 1583 he published a book, On the Deceits of the Demons, which contained a step-by-step rebuttal of the Malleus Maleficarum, a witch-hunting handbook published in 1486. Weyer argued that those accused of witchcraft were really mentally ill and not deserving of persecution.

Question 20

, St. Vincent de Paul and questyioning the possession model

Answer 20

declared that Mental disease is no different than bodily disease and Christianity demands of the humane and powerful to protect, and the skillful to relieve the one as well as the other”

Question 21

asylums

Answer 21

-places of refuge meant solely for the care of people with mental illness.
-Asylums were initially created to remove from the community troublesome individuals who could not care for themselves.
-Although scientific inquiry into abnormal behavior was on the increase, most early asylums, often referred to as “madhouses,” were not pleasant places or “hospitals” but primarily residences or storage places for people considered to be “insane.”

Question 22

Bedlam asylum

Answer 22

monastery in London converted into aslyum
known for violence

Question 23

Public Hospital in Williamsburg, Virgini

Answer 23

first asylum in the US
- Zwelling’s 1985 review of the Public Hospital’s treatment methods shows that, initially, the philosophy of treatment involved the belief that the patients needed to choose rationality over mental illness.’
- Thus, the treatment techniques were aggressive, aimed at restoring a “physical balance in the body and brain.” These techniques, based on the scientific views of the day, were designed to intimidate patients.

Question 24

Reform after french revolution, Philippe Pinel and William Tuke (16th–18th century)

Answer 24

He instituted the removal of chains from some of the patients as an experiment to test his views that people with mental illness should be treated with kindness and consideration—as sick people, not as criminals or dangerous animals.
= WAS VERY SUCCESSFUL
William Tuke: did the same thing in England

Question 25

Benjamin Rush, US Asylum reform (16th–18th century)

Answer 25

Rush encouraged more humane treatment of patients with mental illness; wrote the first systematic treatise on psychiatry in America, Medical Inquiries and Observations upon Diseases of the Mind (1812); and was the first American to organize a course in psychiatry

Question 26

Tranquilizing chair, rush

Answer 26

“tranquilizing chair,” which was used to temporarily restrain and treat violent patients by strapping down their limbs and restricting the movement of their head.

Question 27

Moral management , Pinel and Tuke

Answer 27

product of humanitarian reform: wide-ranging method of treatment that focused on a patient’s social, individual, and occupational needs—became relatively widespread.

Question 28

Dix and the hygeine movement (19th and early 20th century)

Answer 28

-Dorothea Dix (1802–1887) was an energetic New Englander who became a champion of poor and “forgotten” people who had been consigned to prisons and mental institutions for decades during the nineteenth century.
-As a result of what she had seen, Dix carried on a zealous campaign between 1841 and 1881 that aroused people and legislatures to do something about the inhuman treatment accorded to people with mental illness. Through her efforts, the mental hygiene movement, which advocated a method of treatment that focused almost exclusively on the physical well-being of hospitalized patients, grew in America

Question 29

Nineteenth Century Views of Mental Disorders and the Increasing Role of Psychiatrists

Answer 29

In the early part of the nineteenth century, mental hospitals were controlled essentially by laypersons because of the prominence of moral management in the treatment of “lunatics.” Medical professionals—or “alienists,” as psychiatrists were called at this time in reference to their treating the “alienated,” or insane—had a relatively inconsequential role in the care of the insane and the management of the asylums of the day.

Question 30

Later 19th century view of “alienists”

Answer 30

Over time, the alienists acquired more status and influence in society and became influential as purveyors of morality, touting the benefits of Victorian morality as important to good mental health.

Question 31

19th century neurasthenia

Answer 31

a condition that involved pervasive feelings of low mood, lack of energy, and physical symptoms that were thought to be related to “lifestyle” problems brought on by the demands of civilization
results from shattered nberves; person using up precious nerve forcer

Question 32

Melancholia

Answer 32

19th century depression, considered to be the result opf nervous exhaustion
emotional problems were considered to the result of shattered nerves

Question 33

Clifford Beers (19th and early 20th century)

Answer 33

-described his own struggle with mental illness and the mistreatment he received in three different institutions.
-he launched a campaign to make people realize that such treatment was no way to handle the sick. He soon won the interest and support of many influential people, including the eminent psychologist William James and the “dean of American psychiatry,” Adolf Meyer.

Question 34

asylums, erving goffman

Answer 34

This book further exposed the inhumane treatment of patients with mental illness and provided a detailed account of neglect and maltreatment in mental hospitals. The movement to change the mental hospital environment was also enhanced significantly by scientific advances in the last half of the twentieth century, particularly the development of effective medications for many disorders—such as the use of antipsychotics and mood stabilizers for those with psychosis and bipolar disorder, respectively.

Question 35

deinstitutionalization policy

Answer 35

originally considered to be more humane and cost effective to treat those with severe mental illness in their community
-however, they were often abandoned into very harsh circumstances and homelessness
-increased rates of incarceration afterward

Question 36

Biological Discoverries and their influence in psychiatry; Bayle

Answer 36

general paresis: syphilis of the brain; produced symptoms including paralysis, mood changes, and seizures and typically caused death within 2 to 5 years as a result of brain deterioration.
Bayle suggested that the collection of symptoms in the diosorder are specific to one type of mental disorder
Richard Von Krafft-Ebing established the link between syphilitic sores and general paresis

Question 37

Early treatment of syphyilis caused paresis

Answer 37

high fever associated with malaria seemed to kill off the syphilis bacteria. To test whether this association was causal, he infected nine patients with paresis with the blood of a malaria-infected soldier, held his breath, and found marked improvement in paretic symptoms in three patients and apparent recovery in three others (the other three did not improve). By 1925 several hospitals in the United States were incorporating the new malarial treatment for paresis into their hospital treatments.

Question 38

Jean Delay and Pierre Deniker, chlorpromazine

Answer 38

found that chlorpromazine, a drug originally developed for completely different purposes, was very effective at rapidly reducing psychotic and manic symptoms. Several other researchers followed up with experimental studies of this drug, and it consistently showed an ability to effectively treat psychotic patients, and also to reduce episodes of violence among agitated or aggressive patients.

Question 39

typical vs atypical antipsychotics

Answer 39

It was later learned that whereas earlier drugs like chlorpromazine (which came to be known as “first generation” or “typical” antipsychotic medications) had their effect by blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine, newer drugs like clozapine (which came to be known as “second generation” or “atypical” antipsychotic medications) operated by blocking dopamine and serotonin. Given the superiority of atypical over typical antipsychotics, the latter are more widely prescribed today.

Question 40

Wilhelm Griesinger, The Pathology and Therapy of Psychic Disorders,

Answer 40

Griesinger insisted that all mental disorders could be explained in terms of brain pathology

Question 41

Henry Cotton and infections causing mental disorders

Answer 41

a psychiatrist at a New Jersey hospital, developed a theory that mental health problems such as schizophrenia could be cured by removing the infections that he believed caused the condition. He used surgical procedures to remove all of a person’s teeth or body parts such as tonsils, parts of the colon, testicles, or ovaries in order to reduce the infection

Question 42

Lobotomies

Answer 42

walter freeman, sever segments of brain tissue using an ice pick in the eye socket

Question 43

Largest role in the development of a classifying system for mental disorders

Answer 43

Emil Kraepelin; observed that certain systems occur together regularly enough to be regarderd as specific types of a mental disease, his ideas became the basis for the current classification system

Question 44

Psychoanalytic perspective

Answer 44

Freud, used psychoanalysis that emphasizes the inner dynamics of unconcious motives

Question 45

Ancestral roots of psychoanalysis

Answer 45

hypnosis–induced state of relaxation in which a person is highly open to suggestion

Question 46

Mesmer and Mesmerism (19th and early 20th century)

Answer 46

developed the idea that planets affected a universal magnetic fluid in the body, the distribution of which determined disease; people possessed magnetic forces

Question 47

First psychological experiments ever performed

Answer 47

Benjamin franlin and others experimented to test the efficacy of mesmerism: found that due to the power of suggestion, people believed they were getting better through magnetism treatment,

Question 48

Catharsis

Answer 48

Freud and Breurer; created intense emotional release for patients under hypnosis

Question 49

Unconcious

Answer 49

freud/bruer: portion of the mind that contains experiences of which a person is unaware

Question 50

Two methods used by Freud to understand conscious and unconcious thought processes (19th and early 20th century)

Answer 50

free association: talk freely about themselves
Dream analysis: patients record and describe their dreams

Question 51

Established first experimental psychology lab, (19th and early 20th century)

Answer 51

William Wundt

Question 52

Established first psychological clinic in US, (19th and early 20th century)

Answer 52

Lightner Witmer; student of wundt; FOUNDER OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Question 53

J. McKeen Cattell (19th and early 20th century)

Answer 53

An American psychologist who adopted Wundt’s methods and studied individual differences in mental processing.