additional Flashcards
first to establish sociocultural influences in psyc
how much highert is depression concordance rate for Mz vs DZ twinsa?
Monozygotic co-twins of a twin with MDD are about twice as likely to develop the disorder as are dizygotic co-twins, with about 31 to 42 percent of the variance in liability due to genetic influence
why is the monamine theory of depression inaccurate?
, net increases in norepinephrine activity in patients with depression—especially in those with severe or melancholic depression
cortisol impacts on cognition
Research also has revealed that patients having depression with elevated cortisol tend to show memory impairments and problems with abstract thinking and complex problem solving (Belanoff et al., 2001). Some of these cognitive problems may be related to other findings showing that prolonged elevations in cortisol result in cell death in the hippocampus—a part of the limbic system heavily involved in memory functioning
hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
The other endocrine axis that has relevance to depression is the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (Garlow & Nemeroff, 2003; Thase, 2009a; Thase et al., 2002). People with low thyroid levels (hypothyroidism) often become depressed, and approximately 20 to 30 percent of patients with depression who have normal thyroid levels nevertheless show dysregulation of this axis. Moreover, some patients who do not respond to traditional antidepressant treatments show improvement when administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone, which leads to increased thyroid hormone levels
damage to left ACC
Exciting neurophysiological research in recent years has followed up on earlier neurological findings that damage (for example, from a stroke) to the left, but not the right, anterior prefrontal cortex often leads to depression (Davidson et al., 2009; Robinson & Downhill, 1995). This led to the idea that depression in people without brain damage may nonetheless be linked to lowered levels of brain activity in this same region. A number of studies have supported this idea. Studies measuring the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity of both cerebral hemispheres in people who are depressed reveal an asymmetry or imbalance in the EEG activity of the two sides of the prefrontal regions of the brain. People with depression show lower activity in the left hemisphere in these regions and higher activity in the right hemisphere
left fronmtal assymmetry but high right activation in depression reason
The relatively lower activity on the left side of the prefrontal cortex in depression is thought to be related to symptoms of reduced positive affect and approach behaviors to rewarding stimuli, and increased right-side activity is thought to underlie increased anxiety symptoms and increased negative affect associated with increased vigilance for threatening information
Psychological Causal Factors of depression
two personality variables in depression
high introversion high neuroticism
mixed episode prognosis
People whose first episode of mania is a mixed episode have a worse long-term outcome than those originally presenting with a depressive or a manic episode
what is diagnosed when person only has manic symptoms
Bipolar I, assumed that depressive episode will eventually follow
when is bipolar with seasonal pattern diagnosed
As with unipolar major depression, the recurrences can be seasonal in nature, in which case bipolar disorder with a seasonal pattern is diagnosed.
bipolar twins concordance rate
This and other studies suggest that genes account for about 80 to 90 percent of the variance in the liability to develop bipolar I disorder (Goodwin & Jamison, 2007; McGuffin et al., 2003). This is higher than heritability estimates for unipolar disorder or any of the other major adult psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia
what disorders does bipolar share genetic bases with
depression and schizophrenia
blood flow during mnanic vs depressive episodes
blood flow to the left prefrontal cortex is reduced during depression, during mania it is increased in certain other parts of the prefrontal cortex
manic episodes and thyroid hormone
administration of thyroid hormone often makes antidepressant drugs work better (Altshuler et al., 2001; Goodwin & Jamison, 2007). However, thyroid hormone can also precipitate manic episodes in patients
Vbipolar disorder
personality variables that increase manic symptoms
two personality variables associated with high levels of achievement striving and increased sensitivity to rewards in the environment predicted increases in manic symptoms—especially during periods of active goal striving or goal attainment
predictors personality of MANIC and depressive episodes
rder. Interestingly, however, the students with bipolar disorder who had a pessimistic attributional style and experienced negative life events also showed increases in manic symptoms at other points in time
mood stabilizer drugs
have antimanic AND antidepressant effect
IPT effgecftiveness compared to meds and CBT
SAME
interpersonal and social rhythm therapy,
, patients are taught to recognize the effect of interpersonal events on their social and circadian rhythms and to regularize these rhythms. As an adjunct to medication, this treatment seems promising
RISK FACTORS FOR SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDER
-individual’s past experiences with illnesses (in both him- or herself and others, and also as observed in the media) contribute to the development of a set of dysfunctional assumptions about symptoms and diseases that may predispose a person to developing a somatic symptom disorder
-Negative affect is regarded as a risk factor for developing somatic symptom disorder.
Research is also showing that when people who report a lot of physical problems are put into a negative mood (by viewing negative pictures, for example), their reporting of physical symptoms increases
-attentional bias for illness-related information (Gropalis et al., 2013; see also Jasper & Witthöft, 2011). In other words, top-down (cognitive) processes, rather than bottom-up processes (such as differences in bodily sensations), seem to account for the problems that they have.
ABSORPTION/ABILITY TO BE HYPNOTIZED
ALEXITHMYIA: INABILITY TO PROPERLY LABEL EMOTIONS
aphonia vs globus
The most common speech-related conversion disturbance is aphonia. Here, the person is able to talk only in a whisper although he or she can usually cough in a normal manner. (In true, organic laryngeal paralysis, both the cough and the voice are affected.) Another common motor symptom, called globus, involves the sensation of a lump in the throat
3 main categories \of phobia
(1) specific phobia, (2) social anxiety, and (3) agoraphobia.
why do anti anxiety medications not help at all with specific phobia
we want to feel the anxiety to be able to reduce it
5 primary types of compulsive rituals
cleaning (hand washing and showering), checking, repeating, ordering or arranging, and counting
ocd gender differences in adults
no gender differences
baxter crotico basal thalamic circuit
ccording to Baxter’s theory, the dysfunctions in this circuit in turn prevent people with OCD from showing the normal inhibition of sensations, thoughts, and behaviors that would occur if the circuit were functioning properly. In this case, impulses toward aggression, sex, hygiene, and danger that most people keep under control with relative ease “leak through” as obsessions and distract people with OCD from ordinary goal-directed behavior. E
