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Bio 131 > Ch.2 chemistry > Flashcards

Ch.2 chemistry Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Acid

A

substance that releases or donates hydrogen ions

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2
Q

Matter

A

anything that takes up space

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3
Q

energy

A

capacity to do work (some energy is always unusable or lost as heat in a transformation)

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4
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

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5
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy-free

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6
Q

types of energy

A

chemical, electrical, radiant, mechanical

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7
Q

elements

A

cannot be decomposed into simpler substances

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8
Q

four important elements are

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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9
Q

atoms

A

are building blocks of elements

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10
Q

where are protons and neutrons located?

A

nucleus

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11
Q

number of electrons are

A

equal to number protons

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12
Q

atomic number is

A

number of protons

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13
Q

mass number

A

protons + neutrons

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14
Q

radioactive

A

unstable

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15
Q

radioisotopes

A

decompose to more stable forms (by emitting gama, bata, alpha particles)

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16
Q

molecule

A

bonding of two or more of same atoms

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17
Q

compound

A

two or more diff. atoms

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18
Q

mixtures

A

combination of solutes in solvent

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19
Q

types of mixtures in order:

A

solutions, colloids, suspensions

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20
Q

stability

A

eight valence shell electrons

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21
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

valence shell electrons are completely transferred from one atom to antoher.

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22
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

atoms share electrons.

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23
Q

non-polar

A

electron pairs shared equally

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24
Q

polar

A

electrons shared unequally

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25
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

weak bonds, electronegative to electropositive

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26
Q

chemical reactions

A

formation breaking or rearrangement of chemical bonds

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27
Q

anabolic

A

chemical reaction thats constructive

28
Q

catabolic

A

destructive. phase in metabolism in form of ATP. complex molecules into simpler ones.

29
Q

net loss or gain

A

in every chemical reaction

30
Q

exergonic reactions

A

energy is released

31
Q

endergonic

A

energy absorbed

32
Q

equilibrium

A

stability.

33
Q

chemical reactions

A

when particles collide and valence shell electrons interact

34
Q

catalysts, higher temp or reactant concentration

A

increase chemical reaction rates

35
Q

inorganic compounds

A

do not contain carbon (water, salts, inorganic acids/bases)

36
Q

water

A

participates in chemical reactions, cushions body organs

37
Q

salts

A

ionic compounds, electrolytes, calcium, phosphorous

38
Q

acids/bases

A

acids are proton donors. In water they ionize and release hydrogen ions and anions

39
Q

bases

A

proton acceptors (hydroxide, bicarbonate ion, ammonia)

40
Q

pH

A

hydrogen ion conc. of a solution. 7 and lower is acidic

41
Q

organic compounds

A

contain carbon (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid) -> all are synthesized by dehydration synth. and digested by hydrolysis C, H, O in all these

42
Q

carbohydrates

A

building blocks of monosaccharides. (glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose) disaccharide’s (sucrose, maltose, lactose) Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen). forms ATP. converted fat for storage.

43
Q

lipids

A

dissolved in fats, triglycerides, unsatturated fatty chains, saturated fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids

44
Q

triglycerides

A

composed of fatty acids chains and glycerol. provide insulation

45
Q

unsaturated fats

A

fatty acid chains produce oils

46
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

produce solid fats

47
Q

phospholipids

A

phosphorous containing triglycerides have non-polar and polar portions. found in all plasma membranes.

48
Q

proteins

A

amino acids, one or more polypeptides, chains, three dimensional structure

49
Q

amino acids

A

joined by peptide bonds form a polypeptide.

50
Q

fibrous proteins

A

keratin, collagen, a-helix, b-pleated sheet

51
Q

globular proteins

A

enzymes, hormones, antibodies, hemoglobin (all catalysis and molecule transport)

52
Q

enzymes

A

catalysts. increase chem. reactions, decrease activation energy needed.

53
Q

proteins denatured b/c

A

extreme temp. or pH

54
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA, nucleotide (consists of nitrogenous base like adenine, cytosine, thymine), a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and a phosphate group.

55
Q

DNA

A

contains deoxyribose, protein structure, replicates itself exactly before cell division.

56
Q

RNA

A

ribose, DNA’s instructions for protein synth.

57
Q

Adhesion

A

water molecules are attracted to other properties.

58
Q

anion

A

ion thats negatively charged

59
Q

cation

A

positively charged

60
Q

Cohesion

A

water molecules attracted to other water molecules

61
Q

colloids

A

dispersed particles dont settle

62
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

monomers join to make polymers. water is removed

63
Q

hydrolysis

A

water is added. polymers break down to monomers

64
Q

dipole

A

opposing electric charges

65
Q

electronegative

A

not a full outer shell

66
Q

solute, solvent, solution

A

solute dissolved in solvent to make solution

Bio 131 (8 decks)

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