Ch.2 chemistry

Question 1

Acid

Answer 1

substance that releases or donates hydrogen ions

Question 2

Matter

Answer 2

anything that takes up space

Question 3

energy

Answer 3

capacity to do work (some energy is always unusable or lost as heat in a transformation)

Question 4

potential energy

Answer 4

stored energy

Question 5

kinetic energy

Answer 5

energy-free

Question 6

types of energy

Answer 6

chemical, electrical, radiant, mechanical

Question 7

elements

Answer 7

cannot be decomposed into simpler substances

Question 8

four important elements are

Answer 8

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Question 9

atoms

Answer 9

are building blocks of elements

Question 10

where are protons and neutrons located?

Answer 10

nucleus

Question 11

number of electrons are

Answer 11

equal to number protons

Question 12

atomic number is

Answer 12

number of protons

Question 13

mass number

Answer 13

protons + neutrons

Question 14

radioactive

Answer 14

unstable

Question 15

radioisotopes

Answer 15

decompose to more stable forms (by emitting gama, bata, alpha particles)

Question 16

molecule

Answer 16

bonding of two or more of same atoms

Question 17

compound

Answer 17

two or more diff. atoms

Question 18

mixtures

Answer 18

combination of solutes in solvent

Question 19

types of mixtures in order:

Answer 19

solutions, colloids, suspensions

Question 20

stability

Answer 20

eight valence shell electrons

Question 21

Ionic Bonds

Answer 21

valence shell electrons are completely transferred from one atom to antoher.

Question 22

Covalent Bonds

Answer 22

atoms share electrons.

Question 23

non-polar

Answer 23

electron pairs shared equally

Question 24

polar

Answer 24

electrons shared unequally

Question 25

hydrogen bonds

Answer 25

weak bonds, electronegative to electropositive

Question 26

chemical reactions

Answer 26

formation breaking or rearrangement of chemical bonds

Question 27

anabolic

Answer 27

chemical reaction thats constructive

Question 28

catabolic

Answer 28

destructive. phase in metabolism in form of ATP. complex molecules into simpler ones.

Question 29

net loss or gain

Answer 29

in every chemical reaction

Question 30

exergonic reactions

Answer 30

energy is released

Question 31

endergonic

Answer 31

energy absorbed

Question 32

equilibrium

Answer 32

stability.

Question 33

chemical reactions

Answer 33

when particles collide and valence shell electrons interact

Question 34

catalysts, higher temp or reactant concentration

Answer 34

increase chemical reaction rates

Question 35

inorganic compounds

Answer 35

do not contain carbon (water, salts, inorganic acids/bases)

Question 36

water

Answer 36

participates in chemical reactions, cushions body organs

Question 37

salts

Answer 37

ionic compounds, electrolytes, calcium, phosphorous

Question 38

acids/bases

Answer 38

acids are proton donors. In water they ionize and release hydrogen ions and anions

Question 39

bases

Answer 39

proton acceptors (hydroxide, bicarbonate ion, ammonia)

Question 40

pH

Answer 40

hydrogen ion conc. of a solution. 7 and lower is acidic

Question 41

organic compounds

Answer 41

contain carbon (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid) -> all are synthesized by dehydration synth. and digested by hydrolysis C, H, O in all these

Question 42

carbohydrates

Answer 42

building blocks of monosaccharides. (glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose) disaccharide's (sucrose, maltose, lactose) Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen). forms ATP. converted fat for storage.

Question 43

lipids

Answer 43

dissolved in fats, triglycerides, unsatturated fatty chains, saturated fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids

Question 44

triglycerides

Answer 44

composed of fatty acids chains and glycerol. provide insulation

Question 45

unsaturated fats

Answer 45

fatty acid chains produce oils

Question 46

saturated fatty acids

Answer 46

produce solid fats

Question 47

phospholipids

Answer 47

phosphorous containing triglycerides have non-polar and polar portions. found in all plasma membranes.

Question 48

proteins

Answer 48

amino acids, one or more polypeptides, chains, three dimensional structure

Question 49

amino acids

Answer 49

joined by peptide bonds form a polypeptide.

Question 50

fibrous proteins

Answer 50

keratin, collagen, a-helix, b-pleated sheet

Question 51

globular proteins

Answer 51

enzymes, hormones, antibodies, hemoglobin (all catalysis and molecule transport)

Question 52

enzymes

Answer 52

catalysts. increase chem. reactions, decrease activation energy needed.

Question 53

proteins denatured b/c

Answer 53

extreme temp. or pH

Question 54

nucleic acids

Answer 54

DNA, RNA, nucleotide (consists of nitrogenous base like adenine, cytosine, thymine), a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and a phosphate group.

Question 55

DNA

Answer 55

contains deoxyribose, protein structure, replicates itself exactly before cell division.

Question 56

RNA

Answer 56

ribose, DNA's instructions for protein synth.

Question 57

Adhesion

Answer 57

water molecules are attracted to other properties.

Question 58

anion

Answer 58

ion thats negatively charged

Question 59

cation

Answer 59

positively charged

Question 60

Cohesion

Answer 60

water molecules attracted to other water molecules

Question 61

colloids

Answer 61

dispersed particles dont settle

Question 62

dehydration synthesis

Answer 62

monomers join to make polymers. water is removed

Question 63

hydrolysis

Answer 63

water is added. polymers break down to monomers

Question 64

dipole

Answer 64

opposing electric charges

Question 65

electronegative

Answer 65

not a full outer shell

Question 66

solute, solvent, solution

Answer 66

solute dissolved in solvent to make solution