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Anesthesia and Analgesia > Ch2 BB AALA > Flashcards

Ch2 BB AALA Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Examples of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists are:
A

Barbiturates

propofol

tribromoethanol

Chloral hydrate

alpha-chloralose

metomidate

etomidate

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2
Q
  1. Examples of NMDA-antagonists are:
A

Ketamine, tiletamine

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3
Q
  1. Propofol produce adequate general anesthesia in humans and animals, yet does not produce analgesia.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

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4
Q
  1. As a general rule, injectable anesthetics tend to produce drug-specific and dose-dependent circulatory, respiratory and CNS effects.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

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5
Q
  1. Higher doses of hypnotic agents, such as propofol or the barbiturates, induce additional antinociception commensurate with increased CNS and cardiopulmonary depression.
    a. True
    b. False
A

False

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6
Q
  1. Injectable anesthetics agents producing adequate anesthesia in one strain or species may be insufficient or may provide different signs of anesthesia at similar doses in other strains or species.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

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7
Q
  1. One of the mechanisms of action of the NMDA-antagonist drugs is to exert sedative and hypnotic effects through interactions with the inhibitory GABA neurotransmitter system.
    a. True
    b. False
A

False

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8
Q
  1. Norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin are ALL excitatory neurotransmitters.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

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9
Q
  1. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonist drugs can produce good analgesia besides of sedation, hypnosis, and even general anesthesia (a few of them).
    a. True
    b. False
A

False

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10
Q
  1. Thiobutabarbital (Inactin) is particularly effective in rabbits and results in both long periods of anesthesia and analgesia in this species.
    a. True
    b. False
A
  1. b. Ineffective in rabbits and results in both short periods of anesthesia and death.
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11
Q
  1. Reduced blood pressure, stroke volume, pulse pressure, and central venous pressure are common findings in pentobarbital-anesthetized animals.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

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12
Q
  1. Thiopental, thiamylal, and methohexital are highly alkaline sodium salts that may prove incompatibility in some circumstances with acidic drugs such as opioids, cathecolamines, and neuromuscular blocking agents.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

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13
Q
  1. A positive feature of thiobarbiturates is their low arrhythmogenic potential.
    a. True
    b. False
A

False

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14
Q
  1. In the research setting, chloral hydrate has been used to achieve medium-duration, light anesthesia, with minimal effects of cardiovascular function or reflexes.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

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15
Q
  1. Alpha-chloralose may be useful in physiological studies to preserve respiratory and cardiac reflexes, in long-term neuroscience regimens, and for functional MRI studies in rats.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

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16
Q
  1. Surgical manipulations should not be performed with alpha-chloralose alone, and physiological experiments normally involve induction with a short-acting anesthetic.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

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17
Q
  1. Both metomidate and etomidate provide good analgesia and the cardiorespiratory effects are minimal.
    a. True
    b. False
A

False; little or no analgesia

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18
Q
  1. Neither metomidate or etomidate should be used concurrently with an opioid in surgical anesthesia.
    a. True
    b. False
A

False

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19
Q
  1. Propofol is more effective in rabbits than in other species and low doses (< 10 mg/kg) result in surgical anesthesia of short duration.
    a. True
    b. False
A

False

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20
Q
  1. Tribromoethanol produces inflammation and peritonitis and is usually only recommended for acute terminal studies when administered IP to laboratory animals.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

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21
Q
  1. Alphaxalone/alphadolone is characterized by a long induction, long-term anesthesia, with slow recovery, a narrow safety margin, and extensive accumulation with repeated doses.
    a. True
    b. False
A

False

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22
Q
  1. Benzodiazepines can produce marked sedation and analgesia in rodents, pigs, and primates.
    a. True
    b. False
A

False; no analgesia

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23
Q
  1. Benzodiazepines should be used cautiously, if at all, in animals presenting for cesarean section since rapid placental transfer with significant fetal uptake occurs with these agents and elimination from the newborn is quite slow.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

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24
Q
  1. Benzodiazepines, in general, have minimal cardiovascular and respiratory effects in animals.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

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25
Q
  1. Atipamezole is a specific benzodiazepine antagonist that attenuates the central effects of the benzodiazepines.
    a. True
    b. False
A

False; flumazenil is benzodiazepine reversal

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26
Q
  1. Ketamine does weakly bind to NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptors, but GABA receptor antagonism accounts for most of its analgesic effects.
    a. True
    b. False
A

False; the opposite is true

27
Q
  1. Benzodiazepine has recently remerged as an important drug for prevention and management of chronic pain, as spinal cord dorsal horn NMDA receptors are important mediators in the ‘’wind-up’’ chronic pain phenomenon.
    a. True
    b. False
A

False; ketamine (verify)

28
Q
  1. Naloxone may antagonize cyclohexamine effects (e.g. ketamine).
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

29
Q
  1. Ketamine is generally considered to be a potent analgesic, and the analgesia is reportedly more effective for procedures involving the abdomen than the musculoskeletal system.
    a. True
    b. False
A

False. More effective in the musculoskeletal system.

30
Q
  1. There are age and sex differences in the response of rats to ketamine.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

31
Q
  1. Alpha2-adrenoreceptor subtype expression and function appears to be species-specific.
    a. True
    a. False
A

True

32
Q
  1. Studies in rats and mice have shown that alpha2 receptors are absent in the brain.
    a. True
    a. False
A
  1. b. Studies in rats and mice have shown that alpha2 receptors are widely distributed in the brain.
33
Q
  1. The most commonly used alpha2-agonists, xylazine, medetomidine, detomidine and romifidine, are most effective when combined with opioids or dissociative anesthetics.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

34
Q
  1. Alpha2 adrenoreceptor agonists are not anesthetics or analgesics, they are only tranquillizers.
    a. True
    b. False
A
  1. False. Alpha2 adrenoreceptor agonists are commonly used as sedative/analgesic agents.
35
Q
  1. There is marked variation in sensitivity among species to alpha2 adrenoreceptor agonist agents. For example, Cattle are reported to be 10 times more sensitive to xylazine than horses or dogs.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

36
Q
  1. Common cardiovascular side effects with alpha2 adrenoreceptor agonist agents include dose dependent tachycardia and polypnea.
    a. True
    b. False
A

Fasle; bradycardia

37
Q
  1. Common side effects associated with the use of alpha2 adrenoreceptor agonist agents include: decrease insulin release, dieresis, polyuria, decreased gastrointestinal motility, thrombastenia, hypothermia, vomiting (especially in cats), inhibition of antidiuretic hormone and other hormonal changes such as GH, testosterone, prolactin and follicle-stimulating hormone levels.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

38
Q
  1. Analgesia following xylazine administration has been demonstrated in a variety of species including mice and rats.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

39
Q
  1. Medetomidine is less potent that xylazine with lower alpha2-adrenoreceptor selectivity, lower liphophilicity and slower elimination.
    a. True
    b. False
A
  1. False. more potent, higher selectivity, greater lipophilicity and faster elimination.
40
Q
  1. Medetomidine and detomidine are metabolized similarly by hepatic cytochrome P450.
    a. True
    b. False
A
  1. False. by hepatic monooxygenases. (verify)
41
Q
  1. Medetomidine in mice causes effective anesthesia even at very low dose.
    a. True
    b. False
A
  1. False. at low dose is anxiolytic.
42
Q
  1. Detomidine is a sedative and potent analgesic in rats and mice, but does not lead to loss of the righting reflex, even at high doses.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

43
Q
  1. Antinociceptive effects of detomidine are similar to those of medetomidine but much greater than the effects of xylazine.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

44
Q
  1. Low doses of detomidine in rats result in hypothermia whereas high doses may result in an increased rectal temperature. These effects may be reversed by an specific antagonist.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

45
Q
  1. Romifidine has the typical alpha2-agonist effects for use in horses, but when compared in this species with equipotent doses of xylazine or detomidine, more ataxia and more head lowering is observed with less antinociception.
    a. True
    b. False
A
  1. False. less ataxia and less head lowering is observed with similar antinociception.
46
Q
  1. Yohimbine is an imidazole alpha2-adrenoreceptor antagonist with higher affinity for alpha2 adrenoreceptors and an alpha 2/alpha1 selectivity ratio of 200-300 times greater than that of atipamezole.
    a. True
    b. False
A

False. Atipamezole has higher affinity than yohimbine.

47
Q
  1. Atipamezole decreases sexual activity of rats and monkeys.
    a. True
    b. False
A

False; increases

48
Q
  1. Atipamezole is likely to have beneficial effects in the recovery from brain damage and might potentiate the anti-Parkinsonian effects of dopaminergic drugs.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

49
Q
  1. Phenothiazines and butyrophenones are included in the dopaminergic antagonist group, a broad class of agents which produce a number of physiologic effects, including mental calming, decreased response to environmental stimuli and muscular relaxation.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

50
Q
  1. Hypertension may occur following administration of either phenothiazines or butyrophenones.
    a. True
    b. False
A

False; hypotension

51
Q
  1. Ventricular arrhythmias secondary to catecholamines are increased with both phenothiazines and butyrophenones.
    a. True
    b. False
A

Fasle; decreased

52
Q
  1. One reported side effect of phenothiazines is teratogenicity in mice and rats.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

53
Q
  1. Acepromazine, chlorpromazine, droperidol, azaperone and fluanisone are all classified as butyrophenone derivatives.
    a. True
    b. False
A
  1. False. droperidol, azaperone and fluanisone are butyrophenone derivatives.
54
Q
  1. Azaperone has been characterized as neuroleptic in mice, rats and swine.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

55
Q
  1. One of brand names of azaperone is Hypnorm®.
    a. True
    b. False
A

Fasle; Stresnil

56
Q
  1. Fluanisone is most commonly used in combination with fentanyl as a neuroleptanalgesic.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

57
Q
  1. T/F: Urethane is a potent mutagen and a potent multisite carcinogen capable of inducing tumors in various organs and animal species regardless of the route of administration.
A

True

58
Q
  1. In the African clawed frog (X. laevis), eugenol immersion at 350 mg/L results in surgical anesthesia lasting at least 30 minutes.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

59
Q
  1. The general CNS toxicity report from local anesthetics may occur from systemic absorption or direct vascular injection since they readily cross the blood-brain barrier.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

60
Q
  1. All local anesthetics are myotoxic, with bupivacaine producing the least and procaine the most severe muscle injury.
    a. True
    b. False
A
  1. False. procaine producing the least and bupivacaine the most severe muscle injury.
61
Q
  1. Local anesthetics are reported to be anti-inflammatory and inhibit neutrophil, leukocyte, and lymphocyte function. They are also reported to have antimicrobial properties.
    a. True
    b. False
A

True

62
Q
  1. Define neuroleptanalgesia: ____________________________________.
A
  1. the combination of an opioid analgesic and a tranquilizer.
63
Q
  1. Ketamine may be combined with xylazine and medetomidine, but not with diazepam or midazolam.
    a. True
    b. False
A

False

64
Q
  1. The combination of tiletamine-zolazepam (Telazol) for use in New Zealand rabbits is particularly useful in surgical procedures.
    a. True
    b. False
A

FALSE; no analgesia and is nephrotoxic in NZW rabbits

Anesthesia and Analgesia (6 decks)

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