Ch1 BB AALA Flashcards
1
Q
- What is the IASP?
A
International Association for the Study of Pain
2
Q
- What is the IASP definition of pain?
A
- “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage”
3
Q
- What is a more animal specific definition of pain?
A
- “an aversive sensory, emotional experience representing an awareness by the animal of damage or threat to the integrity of its tissues; it changes the animal’s physiology and behavior to reduce or avoid damage, reduce the likelihood of recurrence, and to promote recovery; non-functional pain occurs when the intensity or duration of the experience is not appropriate for the damage sustained and when physiological and behavioral responses are unsuccessful in alleviating it.”
4
Q
- What is acute pain?
A
- Acute pain- has proximate cause, often serves as an essential protective function by associating potentially damaging noxious stimuli with an unpleasant sensation
5
Q
- Acute pain can be further characterized as _________ or __________.
A
- physiologic or clinical
6
Q
- Differentiate between the two classifications of acute pain.
A
- physiologic- early-warning system that aids in protecting body from tissue damage by physical, thermal, or chemical threats, initiated by activation of high-threshold nociceptive neurons, highly localized, transient, initiates physiologic and avoidance behaviors accompanied by protective reflexes; clinical- prolonged unpleasant sensations arising from significant tissue damage, induces augmented or abnormal signal processing, may be spontaneous, may be characterized by hypersensitivity, hyperalgesia, & allodynia, & pain surrounding noninjured tissues
7
Q
- What is chronic pain?
A
- “pain which persists past the normal time of healing”, pain continues beyond the stage where it is useful to protect the region, or is persistent and may not have a clearly identifiable cause
8
Q
- The IASP regards _____ months of pain as the most expedient point at which transition from acute to nonmalignant pain can be defined.
A
3 months
9
Q
- What is pain threshold?
A
- least experience of pain an individual can recognize
10
Q
- True or False: Sex has been demonstrated to influence pain thresholds in animals.
A
- False- has not been conclusively demonstrated
11
Q
What is pain tolerance?
A
- the greatest level of pain an individual is willing to tolerate
12
Q
- _____________ is an exaggerated response to a stimulus that would normally be painful.
A
- hyperalgesia
13
Q
- _____________ refers to reduced threshold to noxious stimuli.
A
- hypersensitivity
14
Q
- What is allodynia?
A
- pain induced by a non-noxious stimulus
15
Q
- What is analgesia?
A
- absence of pain in response to stimulation that would normally be painful
16
Q
- _____________ is the sensation of noxious stimuli.
A
nociception
17
Q
- What is the important distinction between nociception and pain?
A
- nociception includes neurobiological processes by which noxious stimuli are encoded as neural impulses and sent to the brain; pain is the cognitive and emotive interpretation of the sensation as a hurtful or unpleasant experience
18
Q
- ___________ is the process of converting noxious thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli into an action potential
A
transduction
19
Q
- True or False: The frequency and duration of the action potential is proportional to the intensity and duration of the stimulus.
A
True
20
Q
- True or False: Most nociceptors are unimodal.
A
- False- polymodal
21
Q
- What are “silent” nociceptors?
A
- nociceptors that express transducers with such high activation thresholds that they are only activated when sensitized by tissue injury
22
Q
- List the major transducer types.
A
- transient receptor potential ion channels, ATP-gated ion channels, and acid-sensing ion channels
23
Q
- _______ respond to thermal, chemical, and possibly mechanical stimuli.
A
transient receptor potential ion channels
24
Q
- _________ are released in response to mechanical forces, inflammation, and nerve damage.
A
ATP-gated ion channels
25
Q
- _________ transduce innocuous mechanical stimuli such as touch.
A
acid-sending ion channels
26
Q
- What is transmission?
A
- the process by which primary afferent sensory neurons propagate action potentials to the spinal cord
27
Q
- What 5 things are nociceptive neurons characterized by?
A
- size, myelination, peptide content, receptive characteristics, and site of termination in the spinal cord
28
Q
- _______ fibers are thinly myelinated, have intermediate velocities, punctate receptive fields, and respond to thermal and mechanical stimuli.
A
- Aδ
29
Q
- _______ fibers constitute the majority of peripheral nociceptive fibers, have small unmyelinated axons, wide receptive fields, and are polymodal.
A
C
30
Q
- ______ fibers are large, myelinated, and have fast conduction velocities.
A
- Aβ
31
Q
- True or False: All neurons express voltage-gated sodium ion channels.
A
True
32
Q
- What is projection, and where does it start?
A
- process of conveying information through the spinal cord to the brain, starts in the dorsal horn