ch2 Flashcards
1
Q
1.Project managers should lead projects in isolation in order to truly serve the needs of the organization.
A
FALSE
2
Q
2.Using a systems approach is critical to successful project management.
A
TRUE
3
Q
3.Systems analysis addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and modifying a system.
A
FALSE
4
Q
4.Project managers and their teams must recognize the effects of any project on the interests and needs of the entire system or organization instead of focusing on the immediate concerns of the project.
A
TRUE
5
Q
5.When you separate business and organizational issues from project management planning, you do a better job of ensuring project success.
A
FALSE
6
Q
6.According to the symbolic frame, the most important aspect of any event in an organization is not what actually happened, but what it means.
A
TRUE
7
Q
7.Most colleges and universities have very strong functional organizations.
A
TRUE
8
Q
8.An organization that uses a project organizational structure earns their revenue primarily from performing projects for other groups under contract.
A
TRUE
9
Q
9.Project managers in matrix organizations have staff from various functional areas working on their projects.
A
TRUE
10
Q
10.The project organizational structure is the most efficient choice for most IT projects.
A
FALSE
11
Q
11.Most people believe that the underlying causes of many companies’ problems can be traced to its organizational structure.
A
FALSE
12
Q
12.The same organization can have different subcultures.
A
TRUE
13
Q
13.An organizational culture with strong unit integration makes the project manager’s job more difficult.
A
FALSE
14
Q
14.Project work is most successful in an organizational culture where activities are organized around individuals.
A
FALSE
15
Q
15.Internal stakeholders include groups affected by the project such as government officials or concerned citizens.
A
FALSE
16
Q
16.Project managers must take adequate time to identify, understand, and manage relationships with all project stakeholders.
A
TRUE
17
Q
17.The best way to sustain a project is to withhold the required money, human resources, and visibility for the project.
A
FALSE
18
Q
18.Project managers must have cooperation from people in other parts of the organization.
A
TRUE
19
Q
19.Standards and guidelines to follow when performing project management must be devised by top management.
A
TRUE
20
Q
20.It is much more expensive to make major changes to a project during the earlier phases.
A
FALSE
21
Q
21.The last phase of the traditional project life cycle is the implementation phase.
A
FALSE
22
Q
22.An organization usually commits more money as a project continues, therefore a management review should occur after each phase to evaluate progress, potential success, and continued compatibility with organizational goals.
A
TRUE
23
Q
23.The nature of hardware development projects is more diverse than software-oriented projects.
A
FALSE
24
Q
24.The team members of a virtual team are all of the same nationality.
A
FALSE
25
25. Leadership style has no impact on the success of virtual teams.
FALSE
26
26. Projects must operate in a broad organizational environment, and project managers need to consider projects within the greater organizational context. Which approach describes the holistic view of carrying out projects within the context of the organization?
a.
Linear analysis
b.
Systems thinking
c.
Reductionism
d.
The silo approach
b.
Systems thinking
27
27. Which problem-solving approach requires defining the scope of a system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs?
a.
Linear programming
b.
Independent component analysis
c.
Principal component analysis
d.
Systems analysis
d.
Systems analysis
28
28. Which perspective of an organization focuses on different groups’ roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management?
a.
Structural frame
b.
Human resources frame
c.
Political frame
d.
Symbolic frame
a.
Structural frame
29
29. The _____ frame of an organization focuses on providing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of people.
a.
structural
b.
human resources
c.
political
d.
symbolic
b.
human resources
30
30. The symbolic perspective of an organization:
a.
focuses on different groups’ roles and responsibilities to meet the goals and policies set by top management.
b.
views the organization as coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups.
c.
focuses on providing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of people.
d.
focuses on the meanings of the culture, language, traditions, and image of the organization.
d.
focuses on the meanings of the culture, language, traditions, and image of the organization.
31
31. Which perspective on organizations assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups?
a.
Political frame
b.
Symbolic frame
c.
Structural frame
d.
Human resources frame
a.
Political frame
32
32. Grey’s Infotech sells customized hardware and software solutions for businesses. The salespeople for Grey’s have a strict dress code when meeting clients. They are required to wear dark business suits, in order to convey the company’s dedication to quality. The meaning conveyed to the clients’ through the salespeople’s clothing is part of the _____ frame of the organization.
a.
political
b.
symbolic
c.
structural
d.
human resources
b.
symbolic
33
33. In Rizzati Corp, vice presidents in departments such as engineering, manufacturing, IT, and human resources report directly to the chief executive officer and undertake their tasks independently of each other. The staffs of these departments have specialized skills in their respective disciplines. Which type of organizational structure does Rizatti Corp have?
a.
Project
b.
Symbolic
c.
Matrix
d.
Functional
d.
Functional
34
34. In a _____organizational structure, program managers, rather than functional managers or vice presidents, report to the CEO. Their staffs have a variety of skills needed to complete all required tasks within their programs.
a.
project
b.
symbolic
c.
matrix
d.
functional
a.
project
35
35. In a _____ organizational structure, personnel often report to both a functional manager and one or more project managers.
a.
project
b.
symbolic
c.
matrix
d.
functional
c.
matrix
36
36. In what type of organizational structure do project managers have the most authority?
a.
Functional
b.
Project
c.
Matrix
d.
Circular
b.
Project
37
37. In what type of organizational structure do project managers have the least amount of authority?
a.
Functional
b.
Project
c.
Matrix
d.
Circular
a.
Functional
38
38. Which of the following is true of a matrix organizational structure?
a.
In a matrix organizational structure, employees are organized into departments according to their skills, and there is little interaction between employees from different departments.
b.
Project managers in matrix organizations have staff from only a single functional area working on their projects.
c.
In a strong matrix organizational structure, the project manager controls the project budget and has moderate to high authority.
d.
A matrix organizational structure is hierarchical, but instead of functional managers reporting to the CEO, program managers report to the CEO.
c.
In a strong matrix organizational structure, the project manager controls the project budget and has moderate to high authority.
39
39. _____ refers to a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization.
a.
Chain of command
b.
Line of control
c.
Organizational culture
d.
Organizational structure
c.
Organizational culture
40
40. Which characteristic of organizational culture describes the degree to which management’s decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization?
a.
Member identity
b.
Group emphasis
c.
People focus
d.
Unit integration
c.
People focus
41
41. Which characteristic of organizational culture refers to the degree to which employees identify with the organization as a whole, rather than with their types of job or profession?
a.
Member identity
b.
People focus
c.
Group emphasis
d.
Unit integration
a.
Member identity
42
42. Which characteristic of organizational culture refers to the degree to which departments within an organization are encouraged to coordinate with each other?
a.
Member identity
b.
People focus
c.
Group emphasis
d.
Unit integration
d.
Unit integration
43
43. In organizational culture, what does people focus refer to?
a.
The degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment
b.
The degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee and control employee behavior
c.
The degree to which management’s decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on employees within the organization
d.
The degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and risk seeking
c.
The degree to which management’s decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on employees within the organization
44
44. In organizational culture, what does means-end orientation refer to?
a.
The degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment
b.
The degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee and control employee behavior
c.
The degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results
d.
The degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and risk seeking
c.
The degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results
45
45. Which characteristic of organizational culture refers to the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment?
a.
Means-ends orientation
b.
Open-systems focus
c.
Conflict tolerance
d.
Risk tolerance
b.
Open-systems focus
46
46. In organizational culture, what does control refer to?
a.
The degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment
b.
The degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior
c.
The degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results
d.
The degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and risk seeking
b.
The degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior
47
47. Select an example of external stakeholders for an organization.
a.
Top managers
b.
Functional managers
c.
Employees
d.
Competitors
d.
Competitors
48
48. Which term refers to a product or service, such as a technical report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project?
a.
Deliverable
b.
Input
c.
System
d.
Resource
a.
Deliverable
49
49. Which of the following is true of the project life cycle?
a.
In the early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually lowest.
b.
In the later phases of the project life cycle, the level of uncertainty is usually the highest.
c.
It is much more expensive to make major changes to a project during the earlier phases than the latter phases.
d.
More resources are usually needed during the initial phases of a project than during the middle or final phases.
a.
In the early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually lowest.
50
50. In which product life cycle the scope, schedule, and cost are determined early, and changes to scope are carefully managed?
a.
Iterative
b.
Incremental
c.
Predictive
d.
Adaptive
c.
Predictive
51
51. In which development life cycle do stakeholders define and approve the detailed scope before the start on an iteration?
a.
Adaptive
b.
Hybrid
c.
Incremental
d.
Iterative
a.
Adaptive
52
52. Which approach to product development is currently used by many organizations so a predictive set of steps is used as an overall means to coordinate more detailed steps that are adaptively managed?
a.
Adaptive
b.
Hybrid
c.
Predictive
d.
Incremental
b.
Hybrid
53
53. Which systems development life cycle model assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined?
a.
Spiral life cycle
b.
Waterfall life cycle
c.
Prototyping life cycle
d.
RAD life cycle
b.
Waterfall life cycle
54
54. In which systems development life cycle do model developers use a model to generate functional requirements and physical design specifications simultaneously?
a.
RAD life cycle
b.
Prototyping life cycle
c.
Spiral life cycle
d.
Waterfall life cycle
b.
Prototyping life cycle
55
55. The _____ model uses an approach in which developers work with an evolving prototype, using tools such as computer-aided software engineering, joint requirements planning, and joint application design to facilitate rapid prototyping and code generation.
a.
prototyping life cycle
b.
waterfall life cycle
c.
RAD life cycle
d.
spiral life cycle
c.
RAD life cycle
56
56. Which of the following best describes a kill point in the project life cycle?
a.
The period of time given to managers during the feasibility phases to decide on the cost, quality, and time constraints for the project
b.
A review of the status of a project at each phase of development to determine if it should be continued, redirected, or terminated
c.
The point of time in the project lifecycle after which it is impossible to terminate a running project
d.
The final submission of the project deliverables after which the project is terminated
b.
A review of the status of a project at each phase of development to determine if it should be continued, redirected, or terminated
57
57. Which statement best describes outsourcing?
a.
An organization selling its products in a market outside its domestic market
b.
An organization’s acquisition of goods and services from an outside source
c.
An organization setting up manufacturing and retailing facilities in a new country
d.
An organization’s use of virtual teams with employees located in different countries
b.
An organization’s acquisition of goods and services from an outside source
58
58. Which is a disadvantage for virtual teams compared to traditional teams?
a.
Increased costs for office space and support
b.
Reduced opportunities for informal transfer of information
c.
Limited flexibility in team working hours
d.
Reduced dependence on technology and processes for accomplishing work
b.
Reduced opportunities for informal transfer of information
59
59. Which characteristic is true of virtual teams?
a.
It is easier for a virtual team to build relationships and trust.
b.
Negative incentives do not impact virtual team members.
c.
It is important to select team members carefully.
d.
As they never meet, virtual teams do not have conflicts.
c.
It is important to select team members carefully.
60
60. Which observation is true of the agile approach to software development?
a.
In the agile method, requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration.
b.
An agile approach sets scope goals, but leaves time and cost goals flexible.
c.
Agile is a predictive model of software development.
d.
In the agile approach, requirements must be clearly expressed early in the life cycle.
a.
In the agile method, requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration.
61
61. A(n) _____ is an overall model for thinking about things as systems.
ANSWER:
systems philosophy
62
62. _____ are sets of interacting components working within an environment to fulfill some purpose.
ANSWER:
Systems
63
63. _____ addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and modifying a system.
ANSWER:
Systems management
64
64. The three spheres of systems management are business, organization, and _____.
ANSWER:
technology
65
65. The _____ frame of the organization is the one that is usually depicted in an organizational chart.
ANSWER:
structural
66
66. The _____ frame of an organization relates to the company’s culture.
ANSWER:
symbolic
67
67. Three general classifications of organizational structures are _____, project, and matrix.
ANSWER:
functional
68
68. In a(n) _____ organizational structure, project managers have little or no authority.
ANSWER:
functional
69
69. _____ refers to the degree to which work activities are organized around teams, rather than individuals.
ANSWER:
Group emphasis
70
70. _____ refers to the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior.
ANSWER:
Control
71
71. Some projects have a senior manager called a(n) _____ who acts as a key advocate for a project.
ANSWER:
champion
72
72. A major element of good practice concerns _____, which addresses the authority and control for key IT activities in organizations, including IT infrastructure, IT use, and project management.
ANSWER:
IT governance
73
73. A(n) _____ refers to a product or service, such as a report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project.
ANSWER:
deliverable
74
74. A(n) _____ is a framework for describing the phases of developing information systems.
ANSWER:
SDLC
75
75. The _____ life cycle model is suitable for projects in which changes can be incorporated with reasonable cost increases or acceptable time delays.
ANSWER:
spiral
76
76. The _____ life cycle model is used when risk must be tightly controlled and when changes must be restricted after the requirements are defined.
ANSWER:
waterfall
77
77. _____ software development can be used for software development or in any environment in which the requirements are unknown or change quickly.
ANSWER:
Agile
78
78. _____ is an organization’s acquisition of goods and services from an outside source.
ANSWER:
Outsourcing
79
79. Sprint planning is part of the basic ______.
ANSWER:
Scrum framework
