Ch.18-19 Flashcards
Describe Miller and Uley’s experiment
Tried to recreate conditions on early earth to see if organic molecules could be assembled under these conditions- mixed water vapor, ammonia, methane+hydrogen, sent electric current to stimulate lightning, cooled mixture causing to condense like rain
How do scientists think that oxygen appeared in the atmosphere of our earth?
During early Proterozoic era, photosynthetic bacteria became common and by 2.2 billion years ago, organisms producing oxygen
Describe the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium
Gradualism-involves slow steady change in particular line of descent
Punctuated equilibrium- is interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
Describe the difference between radiometric and relative dating
Radiometric-provides accurate way to estimate age of fossil, uses decay rate of unstable(radioactive) isotopes
Relative-estimates time during which an organism lived. Compared placement of fossils in layers of rock
What are the 6 kingdoms?
Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Eubacteria Archaebacteria
Characteristics of kingdom animalia
Eukaryote
No cell wall or chloroplasts
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Characteristics of kingdom plantae
Eukaryotes Cell walls of cellulose Chloroplasts Most multicellular but there are unicellular Autotroph
Characteristics of kingdom fungi
Eukaryotes
Cell walls of chitin
Most multicellular; some unicellular
Heterotroph
Characteristics of kingdom protista
Eukaryotes
Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts
Most unicellular; some multicellular
Autotroph or Heterotroph
Characteristics of kingdom archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Cell wall w/o peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or Heterotroph
Characteristics of kingdom eubacteria
Prokaryote
Cell wall with peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or Heterotroph
What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria
Archae
Eukarya
Characteristics of domain bacteria
Unicellular Prokaryotic Cell wall with peptidoglycan Ecologically diverse Kingdom eubacteria
Characteristics of domain archaea
Unicellular Prokaryotic Cell wall w/o peptidoglycan Live in extreme environments Kingdom archaebacteria
Characteristics of domain Eukarya
Eukaryotic
Unicellular or multicellular
Kingdoms Protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia
Who was Linnaeus and what did he do?
Swedish botanist who delevoped a two-word naming system
Describe binomial nomenclature
Two-part scientific name, written in Latin, in italics, first word capitalized, first word genus, second word species
What were Linnaeus’ taxes for classification?
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What did Linnaeus use as a basis for classification?
Anatomical similarities and differences
What is phylogeny?
Study of how living things and extinct organisms are related to one another
What is a cladogram?
Illustration of how organisms are related to one another by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from a common ancestor
What are derived characteristics?
Trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants
What does modern classification has as the basis for classification?
Evolutionary relationships
Extinction by steady process of natural selection
Background extinction
Extinction that affects many species over a relatively short period of time
Mass extinction
Evolution of living things
- Unicellular prokaryotes
- Photosynthetic bacteria
- Oxygen using bacteria
- Eukaryotes
- Multi-cellular eukaryotes
Describe the conditions of early earth
Violent volcanic activity, comets and asteroids, heavy rain storms with lightning, little or no oxygen; composed of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen
