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Biology > Ch.18-19 > Flashcards

Ch.18-19 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe Miller and Uley’s experiment

A

Tried to recreate conditions on early earth to see if organic molecules could be assembled under these conditions- mixed water vapor, ammonia, methane+hydrogen, sent electric current to stimulate lightning, cooled mixture causing to condense like rain

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2
Q

How do scientists think that oxygen appeared in the atmosphere of our earth?

A

During early Proterozoic era, photosynthetic bacteria became common and by 2.2 billion years ago, organisms producing oxygen

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3
Q

Describe the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

A

Gradualism-involves slow steady change in particular line of descent
Punctuated equilibrium- is interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change

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4
Q

Describe the difference between radiometric and relative dating

A

Radiometric-provides accurate way to estimate age of fossil, uses decay rate of unstable(radioactive) isotopes
Relative-estimates time during which an organism lived. Compared placement of fossils in layers of rock

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5
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms?

A 
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Eubacteria 
Archaebacteria
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6
Q

Characteristics of kingdom animalia

A

Eukaryote
No cell wall or chloroplasts
Multicellular
Heterotroph

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7
Q

Characteristics of kingdom plantae

A 
Eukaryotes 
Cell walls of cellulose
Chloroplasts
Most multicellular but there are unicellular 
Autotroph
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8
Q

Characteristics of kingdom fungi

A

Eukaryotes
Cell walls of chitin
Most multicellular; some unicellular
Heterotroph

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9
Q

Characteristics of kingdom protista

A

Eukaryotes
Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts
Most unicellular; some multicellular
Autotroph or Heterotroph

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10
Q

Characteristics of kingdom archaebacteria

A

Prokaryote
Cell wall w/o peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or Heterotroph

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11
Q

Characteristics of kingdom eubacteria

A

Prokaryote
Cell wall with peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or Heterotroph

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12
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Bacteria
Archae
Eukarya

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13
Q

Characteristics of domain bacteria

A 
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Cell wall with peptidoglycan 
Ecologically diverse
Kingdom eubacteria
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14
Q

Characteristics of domain archaea

A 
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Cell wall w/o peptidoglycan 
Live in extreme environments
Kingdom archaebacteria
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15
Q

Characteristics of domain Eukarya

A

Eukaryotic
Unicellular or multicellular
Kingdoms Protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia

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16
Q

Who was Linnaeus and what did he do?

A

Swedish botanist who delevoped a two-word naming system

17
Q

Describe binomial nomenclature

A

Two-part scientific name, written in Latin, in italics, first word capitalized, first word genus, second word species

18
Q

What were Linnaeus’ taxes for classification?

A 
Kingdom 
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
19
Q

What did Linnaeus use as a basis for classification?

A

Anatomical similarities and differences

20
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

Study of how living things and extinct organisms are related to one another

21
Q

What is a cladogram?

A

Illustration of how organisms are related to one another by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from a common ancestor

22
Q

What are derived characteristics?

A

Trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants

23
Q

What does modern classification has as the basis for classification?

A

Evolutionary relationships

24
Q

Extinction by steady process of natural selection

A

Background extinction

25
Q

Extinction that affects many species over a relatively short period of time

A

Mass extinction

26
Q

Evolution of living things

A
  1. Unicellular prokaryotes
  2. Photosynthetic bacteria
  3. Oxygen using bacteria
  4. Eukaryotes
  5. Multi-cellular eukaryotes
27
Q

Describe the conditions of early earth

A

Violent volcanic activity, comets and asteroids, heavy rain storms with lightning, little or no oxygen; composed of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen

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