Ch.12-13 DNA and RNA Test

Question 1

This scientist is responsible for discovering the mature of the gene in 1928. They were trying to figure out how certain types of bacteria produce pneumonia

Answer 1

Frederick Griffith

Question 2

How did Griffith discover transformation?

Answer 2

Injecting mice with disease-causing bacteria and observing results

Question 3

Process in which one type of bacteria is changed permanently into another

Answer 3

Transformation

Question 4

Who discovered that DNA was the transforming factor?

Answer 4

Oswald Avery

Question 5

• studied viruses
• studied bacteriophage
• used radioactive markers to tell which molecule entered bacteria and carried genetic info
• concluded that genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA not protein

Answer 5

Hershey and Chase

Question 6

A nucleic acid made up of nucleotides joined into long strands or chains by covalent bonds

Answer 6

DNA

Question 7

3 parts of a nucleotide

Answer 7

5-carbon sugar: deoxyribose
phosphate group
nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G)

Question 8

4 kinds of nitrogenous bases

Answer 8

adenine (A)
thymine (T)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)

Question 9

sugar and phosphate make up the ____ of DNA while the bases make up the ___

Answer 9

outside

inside

Question 10

Scientist who discovered that the percentages of adenine and thymine bases re almost equal in any sample of DNA. Same thing with guanine and cytosine

Answer 10

Chargaff

Question 11

Scientist who used x-ray diffraction to reveal X-shaped pattern of DNA and that it has 2 stands

Answer 11

Rosalind Franklin

Question 12

Built a model that explained the specific structure and properties of DNA. Double helix. Credited with discovering structure of DNA

Answer 12

Watson and Crick

Question 13

“antiparallel”

Answer 13

2 strands of DNA run in opposite directions

Question 14

What type of bonds hold nitrogenous bases together?

Answer 14

hydrogen

Question 15

enzyme that unzips two strands of DNA

Answer 15

helicase

Question 16

principle enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce new strands of DNA

Answer 16

DNA polymerase

Question 17

tips of chromosomes that contain repeated DNA sequences

Answer 17

telomeres

Question 18

single, circular DNA molecule in prokaryotes

Answer 18

plasmid

Question 19

3 important differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 19

-RNA sugar-ribose
 DNA sugar-deoxyribose
-RNA single stranded
 DNA double stranded
-RNA uracil
 DNA thymine

Question 20

RNA uses the base sequence copied form DNA to..

Answer 20

direct the production of proteins

Question 21

DNA stays in the nucleus while RNA…

Answer 21

go to the protein-building sites in the cytoplasm called the ribosomes

Question 22

RNA functions

Answer 22

• protein synthesis

- assembly of amino acids

Question 23

3 types of RNA

Answer 23

messenger RNA (mRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 24

This type of RNA carries copies of instructions from DNA

Answer 24

messenger RNA

Question 25

This type of RNA are subunits that make up ribosomes

Answer 25

ribosomal RNA

Question 26

This type of RNA transfers each amino acid to the ribosome

Answer 26

transfer RNA

Question 27

During this process segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules

Answer 27

transcription

Question 28

enzyme required for transcription that only bonds to promoters

Answer 28

RNA polymerase

Question 29

These are the pieces that are cut out and discarded during RNA editing

Answer 29

introns

Question 30

These are the pieces that remain during RNA editing

Answer 30

exons

Question 31

4 nitrogenous bases of RNA

Answer 31

adenine uracil guanine cytosine

Question 32

consists of 3 consecutive bases

Answer 32

codon

Question 33

"start" codon

Answer 33

methionine

Question 34

The decoding of an mRNA message into a protein in known as...

Answer 34

translation

Question 35

Steps of translocation

Answer 35

1. Ribosome attaches to an mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm | 2. tRNA is directed to bring specified amino acid into ribosome

Question 36

DNA->RNA->Proteins

Answer 36

Central Dogma of Biology

Question 37

any mistake in DNA

Answer 37

mutations

Question 38

2 types of mutations

Answer 38

Gene and Chromosomal mutations

Question 39

What are point mutations?

Answer 39

mutations that occur at a single point

Question 40

Point mutations include...

Answer 40

substitutions, insertions, deletions

Question 41

Insertions and deletions are _____ mutations because they shift the reading frame of the genetic message

Answer 41

frameshift

Question 42

4 types of chromosomal mutations...

Answer 42

deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

Question 43

reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome (looks like crossing over)

Answer 43

inversion

Question 44

occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

Answer 44

translocation

Question 45

mutation causing elements

Answer 45

mutagens

Question 46

pesticides, plant alkaloids, tobacco smoke are all _____ mutagens

Answer 46

chemical

Question 47

x-rays and ultraviolet light are ____ mutagens

Answer 47

physical