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Biology > Ch.12-13 DNA and RNA Test > Flashcards

Ch.12-13 DNA and RNA Test Flashcards

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1
Q

This scientist is responsible for discovering the mature of the gene in 1928. They were trying to figure out how certain types of bacteria produce pneumonia

A

Frederick Griffith

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2
Q

How did Griffith discover transformation?

A

Injecting mice with disease-causing bacteria and observing results

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3
Q

Process in which one type of bacteria is changed permanently into another

A

Transformation

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4
Q

Who discovered that DNA was the transforming factor?

A

Oswald Avery

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5
Q
  • studied viruses
  • studied bacteriophage
  • used radioactive markers to tell which molecule entered bacteria and carried genetic info
  • concluded that genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA not protein
A

Hershey and Chase

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6
Q

A nucleic acid made up of nucleotides joined into long strands or chains by covalent bonds

A

DNA

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7
Q

3 parts of a nucleotide

A

5-carbon sugar: deoxyribose
phosphate group
nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G)

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8
Q

4 kinds of nitrogenous bases

A

adenine (A)
thymine (T)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)

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9
Q

sugar and phosphate make up the ____ of DNA while the bases make up the ___

A

outside

inside

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10
Q

Scientist who discovered that the percentages of adenine and thymine bases re almost equal in any sample of DNA. Same thing with guanine and cytosine

A

Chargaff

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11
Q

Scientist who used x-ray diffraction to reveal X-shaped pattern of DNA and that it has 2 stands

A

Rosalind Franklin

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12
Q

Built a model that explained the specific structure and properties of DNA. Double helix. Credited with discovering structure of DNA

A

Watson and Crick

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13
Q

“antiparallel”

A

2 strands of DNA run in opposite directions

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14
Q

What type of bonds hold nitrogenous bases together?

A

hydrogen

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15
Q

enzyme that unzips two strands of DNA

A

helicase

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16
Q

principle enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce new strands of DNA

A

DNA polymerase

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17
Q

tips of chromosomes that contain repeated DNA sequences

A

telomeres

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18
Q

single, circular DNA molecule in prokaryotes

A

plasmid

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19
Q

3 important differences between DNA and RNA

A 
-RNA sugar-ribose
 DNA sugar-deoxyribose
-RNA single stranded
 DNA double stranded
-RNA uracil
 DNA thymine
20
Q

RNA uses the base sequence copied form DNA to..

A

direct the production of proteins

21
Q

DNA stays in the nucleus while RNA…

A

go to the protein-building sites in the cytoplasm called the ribosomes

22
Q

RNA functions

A
  • protein synthesis

- assembly of amino acids

23
Q

3 types of RNA

A 
messenger RNA (mRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
24
Q

This type of RNA carries copies of instructions from DNA

A

messenger RNA

25
Q

This type of RNA are subunits that make up ribosomes

A

ribosomal RNA

26
Q

This type of RNA transfers each amino acid to the ribosome

A

transfer RNA

27
Q

During this process segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules

A

transcription

28
Q

enzyme required for transcription that only bonds to promoters

A

RNA polymerase

29
Q

These are the pieces that are cut out and discarded during RNA editing

A

introns

30
Q

These are the pieces that remain during RNA editing

A

exons

31
Q

4 nitrogenous bases of RNA

A

adenine
uracil
guanine
cytosine

32
Q

consists of 3 consecutive bases

A

codon

33
Q

“start” codon

A

methionine

34
Q

The decoding of an mRNA message into a protein in known as…

A

translation

35
Q

Steps of translocation

A
  1. Ribosome attaches to an mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm

2. tRNA is directed to bring specified amino acid into ribosome

36
Q

DNA->RNA->Proteins

A

Central Dogma of Biology

37
Q

any mistake in DNA

A

mutations

38
Q

2 types of mutations

A

Gene and Chromosomal mutations

39
Q

What are point mutations?

A

mutations that occur at a single point

40
Q

Point mutations include…

A

substitutions, insertions, deletions

41
Q

Insertions and deletions are _____ mutations because they shift the reading frame of the genetic message

A

frameshift

42
Q

4 types of chromosomal mutations…

A

deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

43
Q

reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome (looks like crossing over)

A

inversion

44
Q

occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

A

translocation

45
Q

mutation causing elements

A

mutagens

46
Q

pesticides, plant alkaloids, tobacco smoke are all _____ mutagens

A

chemical

47
Q

x-rays and ultraviolet light are ____ mutagens

A

physical

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