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Biology > Ch.10 Cell Growth and Divison Test > Flashcards

Ch.10 Cell Growth and Divison Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

A

Asexual-One parent that produces identical offspring

Sexual-Fusion of 2 sex cells that produce differing offspring

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2
Q

List some reasons why cells reproduce through asexual reproduction.

A

Growth, repair, replacement

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3
Q

Why are large cells less efficient?

A

Large cells require too much energy and produce lots of waste

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4
Q

What are the 4 parts of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, Mitosis

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5
Q

What happens during Gap 1?

A

Cell growth. Normal functions continue

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6
Q

What happens during Synthesis?

A

DNA is copied

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7
Q

What happens during Gap 2?

A

Additional growth

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8
Q

What happens during Mitosis?

A

Division of nucleus and division of cytoplasm

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9
Q

When do chromosomes condense?

A

At the start of mitosis

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10
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA and proteins. Long strands of DNA

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11
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

Half of a chromosome

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12
Q

What does a centromere do?

A

Holds the 2 sister chromatids together

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13
Q

Describe the important events of interphase.

A

Makes a copy of its DNA, grows, and prepares for division

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14
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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15
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense and coil, spindle fibers appear, nuclear envelope breaks down

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16
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align at middle of the cell and attach to spindle fibers at the centromere

17
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Centromeres split and chromatids separate and move to opposite ends

18
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Chromatids arrive at opposite poles, chromosomes uncoil and nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes

19
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Phase where cytoplasm divides

20
Q

How is cytokinesis different in plants and animals?

A

Animals-Membrane is pinched closed

Plants-Cell plate forms

21
Q

What do growth factors do?

A

Proteins that stimulate cell division

22
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cells with damages to genes involves in cell-cycle regulation. Divide uncontrollably

23
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

Noncancerous tumor. Does not spread to other tissue

24
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

A

Cancerous tumor that invades and destroys surrounding healthy tissue

25
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Spread of cancer cells

26
Q

What causes cancer cells?

A

Carcinogens

27
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

Substances known to promote cancer

28
Q

What is binary fusion and what types of cells use it for asexual reproduction?

A

Form of asexual reproduction in which 2 identical cells are produced. It is used by prokaryotic cells

29
Q

What is budding and fragmentation?

A

Budding-Forms a new organism from a small projection growing on the surface of the parent
Fragmentation-The splitting of the parent into pieces that each grow into a new organism

30
Q

What are cyclins?

A

A family of proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

31
Q

What is apoptosis and what is it important for?

A

Process of programmed cell death. Plays a role in development by shaping the structure of tissues and organs in plants and animals

32
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

Process by which cells become specialized

33
Q

Why are adult stem cells different from embryonic stem cells?

A

Adult stem cells only produce types of cells unique to that tissue. Embryonic have the ability to become many types of cells

34
Q

How are embryonic stem cells harvested?

A

Harvested from embryos

35
Q

List some benefits of stem cell research.

A

Repair and replace badly damaged cells and tissues

36
Q

Why is stem cell research controversial?

A

Ethical issues of life and death

37
Q

A cells ____ increases faster than its _______.

A

volume - surface area

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