Ch.10 Cell Growth and Divison Test Flashcards
What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
Asexual-One parent that produces identical offspring
Sexual-Fusion of 2 sex cells that produce differing offspring
List some reasons why cells reproduce through asexual reproduction.
Growth, repair, replacement
Why are large cells less efficient?
Large cells require too much energy and produce lots of waste
What are the 4 parts of the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, Mitosis
What happens during Gap 1?
Cell growth. Normal functions continue
What happens during Synthesis?
DNA is copied
What happens during Gap 2?
Additional growth
What happens during Mitosis?
Division of nucleus and division of cytoplasm
When do chromosomes condense?
At the start of mitosis
What is chromatin?
DNA and proteins. Long strands of DNA
What is a chromatid?
Half of a chromosome
What does a centromere do?
Holds the 2 sister chromatids together
Describe the important events of interphase.
Makes a copy of its DNA, grows, and prepares for division
What are the phases of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What happens during prophase?
Chromosomes condense and coil, spindle fibers appear, nuclear envelope breaks down
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes align at middle of the cell and attach to spindle fibers at the centromere
What happens during anaphase?
Centromeres split and chromatids separate and move to opposite ends
What happens during telophase?
Chromatids arrive at opposite poles, chromosomes uncoil and nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes
What is cytokinesis?
Phase where cytoplasm divides
How is cytokinesis different in plants and animals?
Animals-Membrane is pinched closed
Plants-Cell plate forms
What do growth factors do?
Proteins that stimulate cell division
What is cancer?
Cells with damages to genes involves in cell-cycle regulation. Divide uncontrollably
What is a benign tumor?
Noncancerous tumor. Does not spread to other tissue
What is a malignant tumor?
Cancerous tumor that invades and destroys surrounding healthy tissue
What is metastasis?
Spread of cancer cells
What causes cancer cells?
Carcinogens
What is a carcinogen?
Substances known to promote cancer
What is binary fusion and what types of cells use it for asexual reproduction?
Form of asexual reproduction in which 2 identical cells are produced. It is used by prokaryotic cells
What is budding and fragmentation?
Budding-Forms a new organism from a small projection growing on the surface of the parent
Fragmentation-The splitting of the parent into pieces that each grow into a new organism
What are cyclins?
A family of proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
What is apoptosis and what is it important for?
Process of programmed cell death. Plays a role in development by shaping the structure of tissues and organs in plants and animals
What is cell differentiation?
Process by which cells become specialized
Why are adult stem cells different from embryonic stem cells?
Adult stem cells only produce types of cells unique to that tissue. Embryonic have the ability to become many types of cells
How are embryonic stem cells harvested?
Harvested from embryos
List some benefits of stem cell research.
Repair and replace badly damaged cells and tissues
Why is stem cell research controversial?
Ethical issues of life and death
A cells ____ increases faster than its _______.
volume - surface area
