Ch12 Respiration Flashcards
1
Q
Glycolysis
A
- phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate using 2 ATP
- splitting of glucose phosphate to 2 triose phosphates
- NAD is reduced as triose phosphate is oxidised
- production of 4 ATP and 2 pyruvate
2
Q
ATP production of glycolysis
A
- 2 ATP used to phosphorylate glucose
- 2 ATP produced per pyruvate molecule formed from triose phosphate (4 ATP)
2 ATP overall
3
Q
Site of glycolysis
A
cytoplasm
4
Q
Overall energy yield of glycolysis
A
- 2 molecules ATP
- 2 molecules reduced NAD
- 2 molecules pyruvate
5
Q
Aerobic respiration
A
requires O2
produces CO2, H2O and ATP
6
Q
Anaerobic respiration
A
no O2
produces:
-lactate in animals
-ethanol and CO2 in plants
-little ATP
7
Q
4 stages aerobic respiration
A
- glycolysis
- link reaction
- krebs cycle
- oxidative phosphorylation
8
Q
Link reaction
A
- pyruvate actively transported to matrix in mitochondria
- pyruvate oxidised to acetate
- produces CO2 and 2H+ - NAD is reduced by H+
- 2C acetate bonds with coenzyme A to produce acetyl coenzyme A
9
Q
Krebs Cycle
A
- 2C acetylcoenzyme A + 4C molecule makes 6C molecule
- 6C molecule -> 2CO2, H+, NADH, FADH, 4C molecule and one ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
- 4C recombines with acetyl CoA
10
Q
Location of link reaction
A
mitochondria matrix
11
Q
Yield from 1 pyruvate
A
reduced NAD
reduced FAD
ATP
3 CO2
12
Q
Significance of krebs cycle
A
- produce hydrogen carried by NADH to electron transfer chain to provide energy for oxidative phosphorylation
- regenerates 4C molecule, preventing accumulation
- source of intermediate compounds used by cell to make other compounds(fatty acids, amino acids ect)
- breaks down macromolecules into smaller ones
13
Q
Site of oxidative phosphorylation
A
mitochondria crista
14
Q
Mitochondria adaptations
A
- densely packed cristae for large SA for enzymes and proteins involved
- large number in metabolically active cells
15
Q
ETC and oxidative phosphorylation
A
- reduced NAD and FAD are oxidised, releasing proton and electron
- electron is taken up by electron carrier(reduced)
- The electron then passes down chain of electron carries through series of oxidation and reduction reactions
- energy is lost through each reaction
- energy actively transports protons into inter-membranal space
- protons diffuse back into cell down concentration gradient through ATP synthase channels
- electrons combine with proton and oxygen to form water
- oxygen is final electron acceptor
16
Q
ETC energy
A
- electrons move down energy gradient
- energy is released in small steps
- less is lost as heat
17
Q
Lipid advantage
A
-release more than double energy of carbohydrates
- produces 2C molecules
- produces many H atoms used in oxidative phosphorylation
17
Q
Lipid respiration process
A
- lipids hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acids
- glycerol is phosphorylated
- produces triose phosphate
- fatty acid broken into 2C molecule and converted into acetyl CoA
- enters glycolysis and krebs cycle pathway
18
Q
Protein respiration process
A
- hydrolysed to amino acids
- amine group removed
- 3C molecules converted to pyruvate
- 4-5C compounds converted to intermediates in krebs cycle
