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Anatomy II > Ch.12, Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Ch.12, Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ system and the _______ system work together to keep controlled conditions within limits that maintain health and homeostasis

A

nervous system and endocrine system

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2
Q

What is the nervous system responsible for?

A

all our behaviors. memories, and movements

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3
Q

The branch of medical science that deals with the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system

A

neurology

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4
Q

The CNS consists of…?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

The PNS consists of…?

A

cranial and spinal nerves with sensory (efferent) and motor (afferent) components, ganglia, and sensory receptors

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6
Q

The ________ system consists of a variety of different receptors as well as sensory neurons

A

sensory system

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7
Q

The _____ system conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands

A

motor system

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8
Q

The PNS is also subdivided into …..

A

somatic (voluntary), autonomic (involuntary), and enteric nervous systems

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9
Q

The somatic nervous system (SNS) consists of neurons that conduct impulses from ….

A

cutaneous and special sense receptors to the CNS, and motor neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle tissue

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10
Q

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) contains sensory neurons from ….

A

visceral organs and motor neurons that convey impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and glands

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11
Q

The motor part of the ANS consists of the …

A

sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division

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12
Q

The enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of neurons in …

A

enteric plexus that extend the length of the GI tract

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13
Q

Many neurons of the enteric plexus function …

A

independently of the ANS and CNS

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14
Q

What do the sensory neurons of the ENS monitor?

A

chemical changes within the GI tract and stretching of its walls

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15
Q

What do enteric motor neurons govern?

A

contraction of GI tract organs and activity of the GI tract endocrine cells

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16
Q

What is the sensory function of the nervous systems? What neurons carry out the function?

A

to sense changes in the internal and external environment through sensory receptors
-sensory neurons

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17
Q

What is the integrative function of the nervous systems? What neurons carry out the function?

A

analyze the sensory information, store some aspects, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors
-association or interneurons

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18
Q

What is the motor function of the nervous systems? What neurons carry out the function?

A

respond to stimuli by initiating action
-motor neurons

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19
Q

Neurons have the property of electrical ________

A

excitability

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20
Q

What do most neurons, or nerve cells consist of

A

-a cell body (soma),
-many dendrites,
-and usually a single axon

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21
Q

The cell body contains:

A

-a nucleus
-lysosomes
-mitochondria,
-a Golgi complex
-cytoplasmic inclusions (lipofuscin, chromatophilic substances, and neurofibrils)

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22
Q

What are an orderly arrangement of rough ER

A

chromatophilic substances (Nissl bodies)

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23
Q

What forms the cytoskeleton?

A

Neurofibrils

24
Q

What are the receiving or input portions of a neuron?

A

dendrites

25
Q

What does the axon do?

A

it conducts nerve impulses from the neuron to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron or to an effector organ of the body (muscle or gland)

26
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The site of functional contact between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell

27
Q

Axonal transport

A

a natural mechanism of intracellular transport in neurons
-exploited by certain microorganisms to reach other parts of the nervous system

28
Q

What is used to classify the various neurons in the body?

A

both structural and functional features

29
Q

On the basis of the number of processes extending from the cell body, how are neurons classified?

A

-multipolar
-bipolar
-unipolar

30
Q

On the basis of function, how are neurons classified?

A

-sensory
-association
-motor

31
Q

Neuroglia

A

specialized tissue cells that support neurons, attach neurons to blood vessels, produce myelin sheath around axons, and carry phagocytosis

32
Q

Neuroglia in the CNS

A

-astrocytes
-oligodendrocytes
-microglia
-ependymal cells

33
Q

Neuroglia in PNS

A

-neurolemmocytes
-schwann cells
-satellite cells

34
Q

Functions of astrocytes

A

-microfilaments for strength
-blood brain barrier
-regulate growth
-maintain chemical environments
-learning and memory

35
Q

Oligodendrocyte function

A

myelin sheath

36
Q

Microglial cells functions

A

phagocytes

37
Q

Ependymal cells functions

A

circulate cerebral spinal fluid

38
Q

Neuroglia cells functions

A

-schwann cells (myelin sheath)
-satellite cells (exchange material between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid)

39
Q

A multilayered lipid and protein covering

A

myelin sheath

40
Q

What produces the myelin sheath?

A

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

41
Q

Where is myelin sheath found?

A

it surrounds the axons of most neurons

42
Q

What does myelin sheath do?

A

it electrically insulates the axon and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction

43
Q

What produces myelin sheath in the PNS?

A

schwann cells

44
Q

Neurolemma

A

the outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell

45
Q

What does the neurolemma do?

A

aids in regeneration in an injured axon by forming a regeneration tube that guides and stimulates regrowth of an axon

46
Q

What forms myelin sheaths for CNS axons?

A

oligodendrocytes
-no neurolemma formed
-no regrowth after injury occurs

47
Q

What is white matter composed of?

A

aggregations of myelinated processes

48
Q

What is gray matter composed of?

A

nerve cell bodies, dendrocytes, and axon terminals or bundles of unmyelinated axons and neuroglia

49
Q

How do excitable cells communicate?

A

action potentials or graded potentials

50
Q

Difference between action potentials and graded potentials

A

-action potentials allows communication over short and long distances
-graded potentials is short distances only

51
Q

Gated ion channels respond to…

A

voltage changes, ligands, and mechanical pressure

52
Q

Voltage-gated channels respond to…

A

a direct change in the membrane potential

53
Q

Ligand-gated channels respond to…

A

a specific chemical stimulus

54
Q

Mechanically gated ion channels respond to…

A

mechanical vibration or pressure

55
Q
A

Anatomy II (10 decks)

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