Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy II > Ch. 26 The Urinary System > Flashcards

Ch. 26 The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Three functions of the Urinary system

A

excretion, elimination, homeostatic regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Excretion

A

removal of organic wastes from body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Elimination

A

discharge of waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Homeostatic regulation

A

of blood plasma volume and solute concetration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Homeostatic kidney functions

A

-maintenance of blood osmolarity
-production of hormones calcitriol and erythropoietin
-regulation of blood glucose level
-excretion of metabolic wastes and foreign substances (drugs or toxins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

This is a test to measure kidney function

A

plasma creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stress, causing excessive amounts of epinephrine secretion which stimulates glycogen breakdown, indicates which condition? This condition can also indicate diabetes mellitus.

A

glucosuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Organs of the urinary system

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, and 1 urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which kidney is slightly lower?

A

the right kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Adipose capsule

A

-surrounds the kidney
-provides protection
-keeps the kidney in its correct location against muscles of posterior trunk wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ptosis

A

kidneys drop to a lower position due to rapid fat loss, creating problems with the ureters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Three regions of kidneys

A

renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Filtrate

A

includes metabolic wastes, ionic salts, toxins, drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Red blood cell production

A

by producing hormone erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Blood pressure (vessel size)

A

by producing renin which causes vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Blood volume (water balance)

A

ADH released from anterior pituitary targets the kidney to limit water loss when blood pressure decreases or changes in blood composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Blood composition (electrolyte balance)

A

water follows salt; aldosterone reclaims sodium to the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Blood pH

A

regulates H+ ions and HCO3- ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Blood flow in kidneys

A

aorta –> renal artery –> segmantal artery –> lobar artery –> interlobar artery –> arcuate artery –> interlobular artery –> afferent arteriole –> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular vein –> arcuate vein –> interlobar vein –> renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nephrons

A

the structural and functional units of the kidneys
-over 1 million
-responsible for forming urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Glomerulus

A

capillary bed fed and drained by arterioles
-filter fluid from the blood into the renal tubule
-sit within a glomerular capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Types of nephrons

A

cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Urine formation process

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Filtration

A

water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through the capillary walls and pores into the renal tubule
-occurs at the glomerulus and collected in Bowman’s capsule

25
Q

Reabsorption

A

water, glucose, amino acids, and needed ions are transported out of the filtrate into the peritubular capillary cells and then enter the capillary blood

26
Q

Secretion

A

hydrogen ions, potassium ions, creatinine, and drugs are removed from the peritubular capillaries and secreted by the peritubular capillary cells into the filtrate

27
Q

The rate of filtration…

A

is directly proportional to the net filtration pressure

28
Q

Regulation of filtration rate

A

rate typically constant; may need to increase or decrease to maintain homeostasis

29
Q

Sympathetic nervous system reflexes

A

respond to drops in blood pressure and blood volume
-as pressure drops, sympathetic nerves cause vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles
-as pressure rises, sympathetic nerves cause vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles

30
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

blood forces substances through capillary wall

31
Q

Net filtration pressure

A

normally always positive

32
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure of blood greater than?

A

the hydrostatic pressure of the glomerulus capsule and the osmotic pressure of glomerulus plasma

33
Q

What happens if arterial blood pressure falls dramatically?

A

the glomerular hydrostatic pressure falls below level needed for filtration

34
Q

What can cause renal failure?

A

if the epithelial cells of renal tubules lack nutrients and cells die

35
Q

Glomerular (blood) hydrostatic pressure

A

55 mm Hg

36
Q

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

30 mm Hg

37
Q

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

15 mm Hg

38
Q

Renin

A

production by JGA, an enzyme controlling filtration rate

39
Q

What 3 stimuli do juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin in response to?

A

-sympathetic stimulation (fast response)
-specialized pressure receptors in afferent arterioles sense a decrease in blood pressure
-macula densa senses a decrease in chloride, potassium, and sodium ions reaching the distal tubule

40
Q

Angiotensin II

A

vasoconstricts efferent arteriole and stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from adrenal glands

41
Q

Some reabsorption is passive

A

water –> osmosis
small ions –> diffusion

42
Q

Where does most reabsorption occur?

A

the proximal convoluted tubule, where microvilli cells act as transporters, taking up needed substances from the filtrate and absorbing them into the peritubular capillary blood

43
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

reabsorbs 70% of sodium ions in PCT

44
Q

Where does active transport of sodium ions occur?

A

along remainder of nephron and collecting duct

45
Q

Materials not reabsorbed

A

nitrogenous waste, urea, uric acid, creatinine, and excess water

46
Q

Normal amount of water in young adult females

A

50%

47
Q

Normal amount of water in young adult males

A

60%

48
Q

Normal amount of water in babies

A

75%

49
Q

Normal amount of water in older age

A

45%

50
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

inside cell; 25L, 40% body weight

51
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

outside cells; 15L, 20% body weight

52
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

prevents excessive water loss in urine

53
Q

Aldosterone

A

regulates sodium ion content of extracellular fluid

54
Q

What are active monitors?

A

cells in the kidneys and hypothalamus

55
Q

Characteristics of urine

A

-yellow
-sterile
-slightly aromatic
-pH around 6
-specific gravity 1.001-1.035

56
Q

Peristalsis

A

aids gravity in urine transport from the kidneys to the bladder

57
Q

Trigone

A

3 openings
-2 from the ureters
-1 to the urethra which drains the bladder

58
Q

Urinary bladder wall

A

three layers of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)

59
Q

Urethra

A

thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis
-release of urine controlled by 2 sphincters

Anatomy II (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions