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Anatomy II > Ch. 17 The Special Senses > Flashcards

Ch. 17 The Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the receptors for the special senses?

A

In complex sensory organs

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2
Q

Ophthalmology

A

The science that deals with the eye and its disorders

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3
Q

Otolaryngology

A

The science that deals with the other special senses

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4
Q

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell

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5
Q

Both smell and taste are…

A

Chemical senses

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6
Q

What are the receptors for olfaction?

A

Bipolar neurons

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7
Q

Where are the receptors for olfaction?

A

In the nasal epithelium in the superior portion of the nasal cavity

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8
Q

What are the supporting cells of olfaction?

A

Epithelial cells of the mucous membrane lining the nose

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9
Q

What produces new olfactory receptors?

A

Basal stem cells

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10
Q

How many primary scents are there?

A

Hundreds

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11
Q

In olfactory reception, what does a generator potential do?

A

Develops and triggers one or more nerve impulses

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12
Q

Adaptation to odors occurs…?

A

Quickly

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13
Q

True or false: only a few molecules of certain substances need to be present in the air to be smelled.

A

True

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14
Q

Olfactory receptors convey nerve impulses to..?

A

Olfactory nerves, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, and the cerebral cortex and limbic system

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15
Q

Hyposmia

A

-a reduced ability to smell
-affects half of those over age 65, 75% of those over 80
-can be caused by neurological changes, drugs, or the effects of smoking

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16
Q

Gustatory

A

Sense of smell

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17
Q

How must taste be detected?

A

The molecules have to be dissolved

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18
Q

Taste stimuli classes include:

A

Sour, sweet, bitter,and salty

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19
Q

How are other tastes defected?

A

A combination of the four taste sensations plus olfaction

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20
Q

The receptors for gustation

A

Gustatory receptor cells

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21
Q

Where are gustatory receptor cells located?

A

In taste buds

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22
Q

What do taste buds consist of?

A

Supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, and basal cells

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23
Q

Where are taste buds found?

A

In the papillae

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24
Q

The papillae include:

A

Circumvallate, fungiform,and filiform papillae

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25
Q

What happens when a tastant is dissolved in saliva?

A

it can make contact with the plasma membrane of gustatory receptors

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26
Q

What do receptor potentials developed in gustatory hairs cause?

A

the release of neurotransmitter that gives rise to nerve impulses

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27
Q

True or false: individual gustatory receptors in certain regions of the tongue are more sensitive than others to the primary taste sensations

A

true

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28
Q

List the taste thresholds for each of the primary tastes from lowest to highest

A

bitter, sour, salty, then sweet

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29
Q

Where do gustatory receptor cells convey nerve impulses?

A

-cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and S
-medulla
-thalamus
-and the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex

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30
Q

Taste aversion

A

causes individuals to avoid foods that upset their digestive system
-common in cancer patients

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31
Q

Where are more than half the sensory receptors in the human body located?

A

in the eyes

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32
Q

What is a large part of the cerebral cortex devoted to?

A

processing visual information

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33
Q

Functions of the eyelids

A

-shade the eyes during sleep
-protect the eyes from excessive light and foreign objects
-spread lubricating secretions over the eyeballs

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34
Q

From superficial to deep, list the layers of the eyelid

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous tissue
fibers of the orbicularis oculi muscle
a tarsal plate
tarsal glands
conjunctiva

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35
Q

Tarsal plate

A

gives form and support to the eyelids

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36
Q

Tarsal glands

A

secrete a fluid to keep the eyelids from adhering to each other

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37
Q

Conjunctiva

A

a thin mucous membrane that lines the inner aspect of the eyelids and is reflected onto the anterior surface of the eyeball

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38
Q

Function of the eyelashes and eyebrows

A

help protect the eyeballs from foreign objects, perspiration, and the direct rays of the sun

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39
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

consists of structures that produce and drain tears

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40
Q

How do the six extrinsic eye muscles move the eyeballs?

A

laterally, medially, superiorly, and inferiorly

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41
Q

How many layers does the eye have?

A

3

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42
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

-outer coat of the eyeball
can be divided into 2 regions: posterior sclera and anterior cornea

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43
Q

The opening at the junction of the sclera and cornea

A

the scleral venous sinus or canal of Schlemm

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44
Q

Sclera

A

The white coat of dense fibrous tissue that covers the entire eyeball, except the most anterior portion, the iris
-gives shape to the eyeball and protects its inner parts
-pierced posteriorly by the optic nerve

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45
Q

Cornea

A

a nonvascular, transparent, fibrous coat through which the iris can be seen; the cornea acts in refraction of light

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46
Q

LASIK

A

a refractive surgery that corrects the curvature of the cornea for conditions such as farsightedness, nearsightedness, and astigmatism

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47
Q

Vascular tunic

A

the middle layer of the eyeball that is composed of three portions: choroid, ciliary body, and iris

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48
Q

Choroid

A

absorbs light rays so that they are not reflected and scattered within the eyeball
-provides nutrients to the posterior surface of the retina

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49
Q

Ciliary body

A

consists of the ciliary processes and ciliary muscle

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50
Q

Ciliary processes

A

consist of protrusions or folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body where epithelial lining cells secrete aqueous humor

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51
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

a smooth muscle that alters the shape of the lens for near or far vision

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52
Q

Iris

A

the colored portion is seen through the cornea and consists of a circular iris and radial iris smooth muscle fibers arranged to form a donut-shaped structure

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53
Q

Pupil

A

the black hole in the center of the iris through which light enters the eyeball

54
Q

Principal function of the iris

A

to regulate the amount of light entering the posterior cavity of the eyeball

55
Q

Retina

A

the third and inner coat of the eye that lines the posterior 3/4 of the eyeball and is the beginning of the visual pathway

56
Q

Where is the only place in the body where blood vessels can be viewed directly and examined for pathological changes?

A

the surface of the retina

57
Q

Optic Disc

A

the site where the optic nerve enters the eyeball

58
Q

What are the vessels of the retina?

A

the central retinal artery and vein

59
Q

Visual and nonvisual portions of the retina

A

-pigment epithelium (nonvisual)
-neural portion (visual)

60
Q

What aids the choroid in absorbing stray light rays?

A

the pigment epithelium

61
Q

Three zones of neurons in the neural portion of retina

A

photoreceptor neurons, bipolar neurons, and ganglion neurons (named in the order in which they conduct nerve impulses)

62
Q

Why are photoreceptor neurons called rods or cones?

A

because of the differing shapes of their outer segments

63
Q

Rods

A

specialized for black-and-white vision in dim light; they also allow us to discriminate between different shades of dark and light and permit us to see shapes and movement

64
Q

Cones

A

specialized for color vision and sharpness of vision in bright light

65
Q

Macula lutea

A

in the exact center of the posterior portion of the retina, corresponding to the visual axis of the eye

66
Q

Fovea

A

the area of sharpest vision because of the high concentration of cones

67
Q

Where are rods absent?

A

from the fovea and macula

68
Q

Nonvascular lens

A

behind the pupil and iris

69
Q

The lens

A

fine-tunes the focusing of light rays for clear vision

70
Q

Presbyopia

A

with aging, the lens loses elasticity and its ability to accommodate

71
Q

Two cavities by the lens at the interior of the eyeball

A

anterior cavity and the vitreous chamber

72
Q

Subdivisions of the anterior cavity

A

the anterior chamber and the posterior chamber

73
Q

Aqueous humor

A

in the anterior cavity, continually secreted by the ciliary processes behind the iris

74
Q

Aqueous humor flow

A

from the posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior chamber and drains into the scleral venous sinus and then into the blood

75
Q

Intraocular pressure

A

-produced by aqueous humor
maintains the shape of the eyeball and keeps the retina smoothly applied to the choroid so the retina will form clear images

76
Q

Glaucoma

A

excessive intraocular pressure that results in degeneration of the retina and blindness

77
Q

Vitreous chamber

A

lies between the lens and the retina and contains a gel called, vitreous body

78
Q

Age-related macular disease

A

a degenerative disorder of the retina and the pigmented layer in persons 50 years or older

79
Q

Image formation on the retina

A

involves refraction of light rays by the cornea and lens, and constriction of the pupil

80
Q

Refraction

A

the bending of light rays at the interface of two different media

81
Q

How are images focused on the retina?

A

upside-down (inverted)

82
Q

Accommodation

A

is an increase in the curvature of the lens, initiated by ciliary muscle contraction, which allows the lens to focus on near objects

83
Q

Near point of vision

A

the minimum distance from the eye that an object can be clearly focused with maximum effort

84
Q

Myopia

A

nearsightedness

85
Q

Hyperopia

A

farsightedness

86
Q

Astigmatism

A

a refraction abnormality due to an irregular curvature of either the cornea or lens

87
Q

Convergence

A

the eyeballs move medially so they are both directed toward an object being viewed

88
Q

What is the first step in vision transduction?

A

the absorption of light by photopigments

89
Q

Photopigments

A

colored proteins that undergo structural changes upon light absorption

90
Q

What is the type of photopigment in rods

A

rhodopsin

91
Q

What do all photopigments involved in vision contain?

A

a glycoprotein called opsin and a derivative of vitamin A called retinal

92
Q

What is the light absorbing part of all visual photopigments?

A

retinal

93
Q

What happens once receptor potentials develop in rods and cones?

A

they release neurotransmitters that induce graded potentials in bipolar cells and horizontal cells

94
Q

What do most forms of colorblindness result from?

A

an inherited absence of or deficiency in one of the three cone photopigments

95
Q

Horizontal cells

A

transmit inhibitory signals to bipolar cells

96
Q

Impulses from ganglion cells are conveyed through the retina to the…

A

optic nerve, the optic chiasma, the optic tract, the thalamus, and the occipital lobes of the cortex

97
Q

Three anatomical subdivisions of the ear

A

external (outer) ear, middle ear (tympanic cavity), and internal (inner) ear

98
Q

External (outer) ear

A

collects sound waves and passes them inwards

99
Q

What does the external (outer) ear consist of?

A

-auricle (pinna)
-external auditory canal (meatus)
-tympanic membrane (eardrum)

100
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

secrete cerumen (earwax) to help prevent dust and foreign objects from entering the ear

101
Q

Middle ear (tympanic cavity)

A

a small, air-filled cavity in the temporal bone that is lined by epithelium

102
Q

What does the middle ear (tympanic cavity) consist of?

A

auditory (eustachian) tube, auditory ossicles (middle ear bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes), oval window, and the round window

103
Q

The internal (inner) ear

A

also called the labyrinth because of its complicated series of canals

104
Q

Two main divisions of the internal (inner) ear

A

the outer bony labyrinth that encloses an inner membranous labyrinth

105
Q

Bony labyrinth

A

a series of cavities in the petrous portion of the temporal bone

106
Q

Three areas of the bony labyrinth

A

-semicircular canals and vestibule: containing receptors for equilibrium
-the cochlea: containing receptors for hearing

107
Q

What is the bony labyrinth lined with?

A

periosteum

108
Q

Fluid in the bony labyrinth

A

perilymph

109
Q

Perilymph

A

chemically similar to CSF, surrounds the membranous labyrinth

110
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A

a series of sacs and tubes lying inside and having the same general form as the bony labyrinth

111
Q

The vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve consists of?

A

ampullary, utricular, and saccular nerves

112
Q

Cochlea

A

consists of a bony spiral canal that makes three turns around a central bony core called the modiolus

113
Q

Three channels of the cochlea

A

-scala vestibuli
-scala tympani
-the cochlear duct (scala media)

114
Q

Sound waves most acutely by human ears are from sources that vibrate at frequencies between…

A

1000 and 4000 Hertz

115
Q

Pitch

A

the frequency of a sound wave

116
Q

Events involved in hearing

A
  1. auricle directs sound waves into the external auditory canal
  2. sound waves strike the tympanic membrane, causing it to vibrate
  3. vibration conducts from the tympanic membrane through the ossicles (malleus to the incus to the stapes)
  4. stapes move back and forth, pushing the membrane of the oval window in and out
  5. movement of the oval window sets up fluid pressure waves in the perilymph of the cochlea
  6. pressure waves in scala vestibuli transmit to scala tympani and the round window, bulging to the middle ear
  7. pressure deforms the scala vestibuli and scala tympani, they both push vestibular membrane back and forth and changes the pressure of endolymph in cochlear duct
  8. pressure fluctuations move the basilar membrane, bending hair cells and producing receptor potentials that lead to nerve impulses in cochlear nerve fibers
  9. pressure changes in scala tympani cause round window to bulge outward into the middle ear
117
Q

High-frequency or high-pitched sounds

A

cause the basilar membrane to vibrate near the base of the cochlea

118
Q

Low-frequency or low-pitched sounds

A

cause the basilar membrane to vibrate near the apex of the cochlea

119
Q

Otosclerosis

A

a condition where there is an overgrowth of spongy bone over the oval window that immobilizes the stapes, preventing the transmission of soundwaves to the inner ear and leads to hearing loss

120
Q

Auditory Pathway

A

nerve impulses from the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve pass to the cochlear nuclei in the medulla. Most impulses cross to the opposite side then travel to the midbrain, thalamus, and auditory area of temporal lobe

121
Q

Cochlear implants

A

devices that translate sounds into electronic signals that can be interpreted by the brain

122
Q

Static equilibrium

A

the maintenance of the position of the body relative to the force of gravity

123
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

the maintenance of body position in response to sudden movements, such as rotation, acceleration, and deceleration.

124
Q

Age related changes in the eyes

A

presbyopia and cataracts

125
Q

Presbycusis

A

hearing loss due to damaged or loss of hair cells in the organ of Corti

126
Q

Tinnitus

A

ringing in the ears

127
Q

Cataract

A

loss of transparency of the lens that can lead to blindness

128
Q

Glaucoma

A

abnormally high intraocular pressure, due to a buildup of aqueous humor inside the eyeball, destroying neurons of the retina

129
Q

Deafness

A

a significant or total hearing loss

130
Q

Meniere’s syndrome

A

a malfunction of the inner ear that may cause deafness and loss of equilibrium

131
Q

Otitis media

A

an acute infection of the middle ear, primarily by bacteria. Characterized by pain, malaise, fever, reddening of the eardrum

Anatomy II (10 decks)

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