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Anatomy II > Ch. 29 Development and Inheritance > Flashcards

Ch. 29 Development and Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

Fertilization

A

occurs when a sperm and an oocyte (egg) combine and their nuclei fuse

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2
Q

Explain haploid and diploid

A

each reproduction cell is a haploid cell containing half of the genetic material needed to form a human being; their combination forms a diploid cell

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3
Q

Zygote

A

the single cell resulted from fertilization and contains all of the genetic material needed to from a human– 1/2 from mother and 1/2 from father

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4
Q

How much sperm is released during ejaculation?

A

hundreds of millions of sperm (spermatozoa)

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5
Q

How do most sperm die before reaching the vagina?

A

they’re overcome by the acidity of the vagina or are blocked from the uterus by thick cervical mucus

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6
Q

Development

A

gradual modification of anatomical structures and physiological characteristics from fertilization to maturity

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7
Q

Inheritance

A

transfer of genetic material from generation to generation

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8
Q

Embryonic period

A

extends from fertilization through the 8th week of development

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9
Q

How does sperm pass through the uterus and uterine tubes?

A

due to contraction of the walls of the uterus

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10
Q

What must sperm penetrate to fertilize an egg?

A

the corona radiata and the zona pellucida outside the oocyte’s plasma membrane

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11
Q

Path of the sperm cell

A

corona radiate –> zona pellucida –> plasma membrane of secondary oocyte –> cytoplasm of secondary oocyte

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12
Q

How can sperm penetrate the corona radiata?

A

with the enzymes of the sperm’s acrosome

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13
Q

Receptor for sperm in the zona pellucida

A

Glycoprotein ZP3

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14
Q

What happens after fertilization (at about 24hrs)?

A

the zygote begins mitotic division called cleavage

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15
Q

Second cleavage

A

by the second day of fertilization where 4 cells are yielding

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16
Q

What happens by the end of the third day?

A

there are 16 cells, each division yields smaller and smaller cells (blastomeres)

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17
Q

What happens by the end of the fourth day?

A

the cluster of cells called a morula forms; still surrounded by the zona pellucida and is still the size of the zygote.

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18
Q

Day 4 or 5 of the embryonic period

A

the morula enters the uterine cavity and is nourished by uterine milk, a glycogen-rich secretion from endometrial glands in addition to stored nutrients from the cytoplasm

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19
Q

The 32-cell stage

A

the fluid inside the morula rearranged the blastomeres into a large fluid-filled blastocyst cavity (blastocoel). The mass is now called a blastocyst (still the same size as zygote)

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20
Q

2 different cell populations that arose while blastocyst is formed

A

embryoblast and trophoblast

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21
Q

Embryoblast

A

inner cell mass; will develop into the embryo

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22
Q

Trophoblast

A

outer cell mass; will develop into the outer chorionic sac surrounding the fetus and the fetal portion of the placenta

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23
Q

When does the blastocyst implant?

A

it implants to the endometrium at around 6 days after fertilization

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24
Q

Where does implantation usually occur?

A

in either the posterior portion of the fundus or the body of the uterus

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25
Q

Decidua

A

what the endometrium is called after implantation; it separates from the endometrium after the fetus is delivered

26
Q

What does the trophoblast develop into 8 days after implantation?

A

the syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast

27
Q

What 2 layers does the embryoblast form at around 8 days?

A

the hypoblast and the epiblast

28
Q

Amniotic cavity

A

forms from the epiblast

29
Q

Chorion Function

A

*blocks antibody production by the mother
*promotes the production of T lymphocytes to suppress the immune response in the uterus
*produces hCG

30
Q

Gastrulation

A

associated with the rearrangement and migration of cells from the epiblast

31
Q

First step of gastrulation

A

formation of the primitive streak

32
Q

Primitive streak

A

establishes the head and tail ends of the embryo

33
Q

Three primary germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

34
Q

Ectoderm

A

primary germ layer that develops into the CNS and PNS, sensory organs, epidermis, hair, and nails q

35
Q

Mesoderm

A

primary germ layer that becomes the skeleton, muscles, connective tissue, heart, blood vessels, and kidneys

36
Q

Endoderm

A

primary germ layer that goes on to form the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, and lungs

37
Q

Notochord

A

important for induction, the process where the inducing tissue stimulates development of a responding tissue to develop into a specific structure

38
Q

What does the notochord develop?

A

vertebral bodies, nucleus pulposus of vertebral discs, and the neural plate

39
Q

Neurulation

A

embryonic process that establishes the central nervous system

40
Q

Placentation

A

the process of forming the placentaq

41
Q

Placenta

A

site of the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the mother and fetus, produces hormones used to sustain the pregnancy

42
Q

Two parts of the placenta by the beginning of the 12th week

A

the fetal and maternal portion

43
Q

When do all major organs develop?

A

between the 4th-8th weeks

44
Q

Teratogen

A

any agent or influence that is able to cause developmental defects in an embryo or fetus

45
Q

Teratogen examples

A

chemicals or drugs like alcohol, viruses, antibiotics, cocaine, or some hormones

46
Q

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy causes…

A

low infant birth weight, cardiac abnormalities, anencephaly and higher infant and fetal mortality rates

47
Q

Amniocentesis

A

removing some amniotic fluid surrounding the developing fetus and analyzing it and fetal cells for genetic abnormalities

48
Q

When do hCG levels peak?

A

at about the 9th week of pregnancy

49
Q

When does the chorion secrete estrogen?

A

after the first 3 or 4 weeks of pregnancy

50
Q

When does the chorion secrete progesterone?

A

by the 6th week

51
Q

Relaxin

A

secreted by the corpus luteum and placenta
-increases flexibility of the pubic symphysis and ligaments of the sacroiliac and sacrococcygeal joints and also helps dilate cervix during labor

52
Q

Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)

A

helps prepare the mammary glands for lactation, helps maternal growth, and regulates metabolism in mother and fetus

53
Q

Labor

A

the process that expels the fetus from the uterus through the vagina

54
Q

How does the control of contractions occur?

A

via a positive feedback cycle

55
Q

When does true labor occur?

A

when uterine contractions occur at regular intervals

56
Q

3 stages of true labor

A
  1. stage of dilation
  2. stage of expulsion
  3. placental stage
57
Q

Puerperium

A

following delivery, the 6 weeks for the maternal reproductive organs and physiology to return to the prepregnancy state

58
Q

Involution

A

reduction in size of the uterus `

59
Q

Prolactin

A

the main hormone in stimulating milk production
-secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

60
Q

Oxytocin

A

causes the release of milk into the mammary ducts via the milk ejection reflex

61
Q

Benefits of breastfeeding

A

-The chemical composition of milk is ideal for the baby’s brain development, growth, and digestion
-several types of white blood cells are in the milk
-antibodies are present
-supports optimal infant growth
-reduces several diseases

62
Q
A

Anatomy II (10 decks)

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