Ch12 Basic concepts in organic chemistry Flashcards
Functional group
structural feature, group of atoms or a single atom that determines chemistry of a compound
Homologous series
group of compounds that have same general formula and contain same functional group with similair chemical properties
alkane general formula
CnH2n+2
alkene general formula
CnH2n
alcohol general formula
CnH2n+1OH
Haloalkane general formula
CnH2n+1X
x = Cl, Br or I
Aldehyde general formula
CnH2nC=OH
Ketone general formula
CnH2n+1C=OCnH2n+1
Carboxylic acid general formula
CnH2n+1C=OOH
Amine general formula
CnH2n+1NH2
stem name of longest straight chain compared to number of carbons
1meth
2 eth
3 prop
4 but
5 pent
6 hex
7 hept
8 oct
9 non
10 dec
Molecular formula
the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
Empirical formula
simplest whole number ratio of elements in a compound
Structural isomers
compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
chain, positional and functional group
Chain structural isomers
compounds that have differences in chain length but have the same molecular formula
Positional isomers
Compounds that differ by the position of their functional group or groups but have same molecular formula
Functional group isomers
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different functional groups
Carbon bonding
when carbon forms bonds with other atoms, one of the 2s electrons is promoted to the 3rd 2p orbital
this leaves carbon with 4 unbonded electrons so can form four sigma bonds
C-H bonds
in CH4 the bond angle is 109.5
Carbon is more electronegative so the bond is slightly polar
Asymmetrical organic molecules
haloalkanes
alcohols
therefore they are polar and electrons move in a sigma bond(inductive effect)
aliphatic
compound containing carbon and hydrogen in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings
aromatic
a compound containing a benzene ring
