CH1: History/Control of Drug Use

Question 1

What is a drug?

Answer 1

Substance that alters the body’s physiology but is not a food or nutrient

Question 2

Describe several different classification schemes that are used to categorize drugs.

Answer 2

1. Drug’s effects on behavior
2. Chemical structure
3. Origin
4. Mechanism of action
5. Legal classification

Question 3

In general what are some of the psychological criteria currently used to diagnose a substance Related disorders (DSM-V changes etc.). What types of disorders are included in this category?

Answer 3

-taking larger amounts than intended
-unsuccessful efforts to control use
-craving
-failure to fulfill responsibilities
-withdrawal symptoms
Alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, stimulants, tobacco, gambling

Question 4

Provide some examples of the classification ‘chemical structure’

Answer 4

monoamines, barbiturates (depressants and sedatives)

Question 5

Describe the classification ‘origin’

Answer 5

Where the drug comes from (ex: morphine and codeine come from the opium poppy plant)

Question 6

Describe the classification ‘mechanism of action’

Answer 6

a. system level: what system is altered?

b. cellular level: which NT system is involved and how?

Question 7

Describe the classification ‘legal classification’

Answer 7

The DSM-V schedules drugs 1-5. 1 is highly addictive with 0 medicinal use, 2 and lower is medicinally used, 5 is low addiction rates

Question 8

Describe the classification ‘legal classification’

Answer 8

The DSM-V schedules drugs 1-5. 1 is highly addictive with 0 medicinal use, 2 and lower is medicinally used, 5 is low addiction rates

Question 9

History of alcohol use

Answer 9

• oldest drug used by humans (fermented apples)
• huckleberry wine first recorded in 6400BC
• animals can get intoxicated from fermented apples

Question 10

History of opioid use

Answer 10

• first recorded in 5000BC, Asia/Middle East for surgery and pain
• opium poppies grow well in Middle East

Question 11

History of cannabis use

Answer 11

• newest researched system (cannabinoid)
• first recorded in 2700BC, Asia, originally ingested as tea
• use peaked during the Prohibition and mid 60s when drugs were blowing up

Question 12

History of cocaine leaves

Answer 12

• Coca leaves first recorded in 2500BC, Incas used to chew on them, very mild effects
• Freud used to prescribe coke to depressed patients
• Coca-Cola was originally a tonic of cocaine and caffeine

Question 13

History of tobacco use

Answer 13

• around 1BC, American-Indians used as an “all-cure”
• nicotine’s natural effect is a pesticide
• Colgate used to put nicotine in toothpaste to increase sales

Question 14

History of peyote use

Answer 14

-introduced by Native Americans, exchanged with Europeans for alcohol

Question 15

Up until when were there very few restrictions on drugs in the US?

Answer 15

1900s

Question 16

What drug was once used as toothache drops for teething babies?

Answer 16

Cocaine

Question 17

What drug was developed as a cough suppressant and thought to be an alternative to morphine?

Answer 17

Heroin

Question 18

Laudanum was a tincture of what?

Answer 18

Opium with alcohol

Question 19

Why did marijuana get such a bad rep?

Answer 19

Was associated with minorities (stereotypes, racism)

Question 20

What administration was created in 1913?

Answer 20

DEA Drug Enforcement Administration

Question 21

What act was enacted in 1984 and why?

Answer 21

Emergency Scheduling Act bc people started making drug mixtures that weren’t illegal bc they invented it

Question 22

What act was created in 1914 and why?

Answer 22

Harrison Narcotics Act began taxing physicians every time they prescribed opium or cocaine