CH 9 Thinking and Intelligence Flashcards
Cognitive Biases
errors in memory or judgment caused by the misuse of the cognitive process
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to only pay attention to evidence that supports one’s own belief
Hindsight Bias
The tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have predicted an event once the outcomes are known
Functional Fixedness
When people’s schemas prevent them from using an object in non-traditional ways
Mental Sets
The tendency to solve new problems with the same strategies and rules that worked in the past on similar problems. Makes learning and problem solving more efficient.
Representative Heuristic
Basing our judgments on info that seems to represent what we expect will happen, while ignoring other info
Availability Heuristic
The tendency to judge the probability of an event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances of it
Affect Heuristic
The tendency to consult one’s subjective emotions “goodness” or “badness” os something instead of estimating probabilities objectively
Framing Effect
The tendency for people’s choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, or framed, whether it’s worded in terms of gains or losses.
The Fairness Bias
When we encounter evidence suggesting that the world is not just, we quickly act to restore our own sense of justice in the world
Intelligence
Inferred characteristic of an individual; usually defined as acquiring knowledge, thinking abstractly, act purposefully or adapt change in environment
The Psychometric Approach
A traditional approach to intelligence; focuses on how well people perform on standardized aptitude test
Fluid Intelligence
The ability to reason abstractly, think logically and solve new problems independent of acquired knowledge - devise strategies for dealing with new problems
Crystallized Intelligence
Accumulation on info, skills, strategies that we have learned through previous experience
Sternberg’s Triarch Theory of Intelligence
Emphasizes analytical, creative, and practical abilities. Defines intelligence as skills and knowledge needed for success in life
